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Fly Ash Pollutants, Treatment and Recycling

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Pollutant Diseases, Remediation and Recycling

Part of the book series: Environmental Chemistry for a Sustainable World ((ECSW,volume 4))

Abstract

This chapter reviews fly ash typology, composition, treatment, deposition, recycling, functional re-use, and metals and organic pollutants abatement. Fly ash is a by-product of power and incineration plants operated either on coal and biomass, or municipal solid waste. The growing of environmental awareness and increasing energy and material demand will foster recycling. Recycling will help to reuse valuable materials which would otherwise be wasted, and reduce energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions from extract ion and processing. Fly ash is world’s fifth largest material resource because of the large amount of ash produced in the world. Fly ash can be classified into several categories: coal fly ash obtained from power plant burning coal; flue gas desulphurisation fly ash, that is the byproduct generated by the air pollution control equipment in coal-fired power plants to prevent (reduce) the release of SO2; biomass fly ash produced in the thermal conversion of biomass; and municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) fly ash, that is the finest residue obtained from the scrubber system in a municipal solid waste incineration plant.

Fly ash often contains pollutants such as heavy metals and organic compounds. The composition of fly ash is very variable, depending on their origins, then also the pollutants can be very different. For example, MSWI fly ash are the most problematic ash in terms of contaminant content. We review existing techniques for fly ash inertization, separately considering heavy metals entrapment or organic abatement. We show that fly ash is a valuable resource with potential use in several applications like agriculture, synthesis of zeolite and geopolymer, adsorbent and building materials. Finally all advantages in fly ash recovery and re-use are discussed. It is shown that fly ash recycling will reduce landfilling disposal, raw materials employ, greenhouse gas emission and water consumption.

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Abbreviations

AES:

Acid Extraction Sulphide stabilisation process

APC:

Air Pollution-Control

CDD:

ChloroDibenzo-p-Dioxin

CDF:

ChloroDibenzo-p-Furan

COSMOS:

Colloidal Silica Medium to Obtain Safe inert

DC:

Direct Current

DDT:

DichloroDiphenylTrichloroethane

EDTA:

EthyleneDiamineTetraAcetate

FA:

Fly Ash

FGD:

Flue Gas Desulphurisation

HpCDD:

HeptaChloroDibenzo-p-Dioxin

HpCDF:

HeptaChloroDibenzo-p-Furan

HRGC/HRMS:

High Resolution Gas Chromatography/High Resolution Mass Spectrometry

HxCDD:

HexaChloroDibenzo-p-Dioxin

HxCDF:

HexaChloroDibenzo-p-Furan

LCA:

Life Cycle Assessments

LOI:

Loss of Ignition

MSWI:

Municipal Solid Waste Incineration

OCDD:

OctaChloroDibenzo-p-Dioxin

OCDF:

OctaChloroDibenzo-p-Furan

PAH:

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon

PCB:

Polychlorinated Bifenyl

PCDD:

PolyChloroDibenzo-p-Dioxin

PCDF:

PolyChloroDibenzo-p-Furan

PeCDD:

PentaChloroDibenzo-p-Dioxin

PeCDF:

PentaChloroDibenzo-p-Furan

RHA:

Rice Husk Ash

S/S:

Solidification/Stabilisation

TCDD:

TetraChloroDibenzo-p-Dioxin

TCDF:

TetraChloroDibenzo-p-Furan

TEQ:

Toxic Equivalent

VOC:

Volatile Organic Compound

WHO-TEQ:

World Health Organisation-Toxic Equivalent

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Acknowledgement

 The authors from the Brescia University (Italy) acknowledge LIFE+ financial instrument of the European Community (LIFE+ 2008 project ENV/IT/434 and LIFE+ 2011 project ENV/IT/256) and RPWJ Struis thanks Prof. Chr. Ludwig (EPFL, Switzerland) for valuable discussions.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. INSTM and Chemistry for Technologies Laboratory, Brescia University, Via Branze 38, 25023, Brescia, Italy

    Alessandra Gianoncelli, Annalisa Zacco, Laura Borgese, Laura E. Depero & Elza Bontempi

  2. Laboratory for Bioenergy and Catalysis (LBK), Paul Scherrer Institute, General Energy Research (ENE), CH 5232, Villigen, Switzerland

    Rudolf P. W. J. Struis

  3. École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL-ENAC-IIE), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland

    Rudolf P. W. J. Struis

Authors
  1. Alessandra Gianoncelli
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  2. Annalisa Zacco
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  3. Rudolf P. W. J. Struis
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  4. Laura Borgese
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  5. Laura E. Depero
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  6. Elza Bontempi
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Correspondence to Elza Bontempi .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. INRA, UMR1347 Agroécologie, Dijon, France

    Eric Lichtfouse

  2. Institute of Geology and Geochemistry of Petroleum and Coal, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany

    Jan Schwarzbauer

  3. ICPEES, Université de Lorraine, Saint-Avold, France

    Didier Robert

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Gianoncelli, A., Zacco, A., Struis, R.P.W.J., Borgese, L., Depero, L.E., Bontempi, E. (2013). Fly Ash Pollutants, Treatment and Recycling. In: Lichtfouse, E., Schwarzbauer, J., Robert, D. (eds) Pollutant Diseases, Remediation and Recycling. Environmental Chemistry for a Sustainable World, vol 4. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-02387-8_3

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