Towards Cyber Map** the German Financial System with Knowledge Graphs

  • Conference paper
  • First Online:
The Semantic Web (ESWC 2024)

Abstract

The increasing outsourcing by financial intermediaries intensifies the interconnection of the financial system with third-party providers. Concentration risks can materialize and threaten financial stability if these third-party providers are affected by cyber incidents. With the goal of preserving financial stability, regulators are interested in tracing cyber incidents efficiently. One method to achieve this is cyber map**, which allows them to analyze the connections between the financial network and the cyber network. In this paper, a provenance-aware knowledge graph is constructed to model this kind of map** for investment funds which are part of the German financial system. As a first application, we provide a front-end for analyzing the funds’ outsourcing behaviors. In a user study with ten experts, we evaluate and show the application’s usability and usefulness. Time estimations for certain scenarios indicate our application’s potential to reduce time and effort for supervisors. Especially for complex analysis tasks, our cyber map** solution could provide benefits for cyber risk monitoring.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
EUR 32.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or Ebook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 59.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 74.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free ship** worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    https://www.dfki.uni-kl.de/cybermap**.

  2. 2.

    https://www.bundesbank.de/en.

  3. 3.

    https://www.dfki.de/en/web.

  4. 4.

    https://www.finanstilsynet.no/en/.

  5. 5.

    https://www.norges-bank.no/en/.

  6. 6.

    https://www.bafin.de/EN/.

  7. 7.

    https://spec.edmcouncil.org/fibo/.

  8. 8.

    https://protege.stanford.edu/.

  9. 9.

    https://github.com/dgarijo/Widoco.

  10. 10.

    https://www.dfki.uni-kl.de/cybermap**/ontology.

  11. 11.

    https://www.ecb.europa.eu/.

  12. 12.

    https://www.isin.org/.

  13. 13.

    https://www.w3.org/TR/swbp-n-aryRelations/.

  14. 14.

    https://persistence.uni-leipzig.org/nlp2rdf/ontologies/nif-core.

  15. 15.

    https://dbpedia.org/ontology.

  16. 16.

    https://www.w3.org/2006/vcard/ns#.

  17. 17.

    https://www.esma.europa.eu/.

  18. 18.

    https://rml.io/.

  19. 19.

    https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/kagb/__164.html.

  20. 20.

    https://www.w3.org/2021/12/rdf-star.html.

  21. 21.

    http://purl.org/dc/terms/.

References

  1. Abu-Salih, B.: Domain-specific knowledge graphs: a survey. J. Netw. Comput. Appl. 185, 103076 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JNCA.2021.103076

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Adamcyk, M., Drougkas, A., Philippou, E., Abel, P., Gratiolet, F., Maaskant, E.: NIS investments - cybersecurity policy assessment, November 2023. Technical report, European Union Agency for Cybersecurity (ENISA) (2023). https://www.enisa.europa.eu/publications/nis-investments-2023

  3. Adelmann, F., et al.: Cyber Risk and Financial Stability: It’s a Small World After All. IMF Staff Discussion Notes (2020). https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/Staff-Discussion-Notes/Issues/2020/12/04/Cyber-Risk-and-Financial-Stability-Its-a-Small-World-After-All-48622

  4. Bank of England: Operational resilience: Critical third parties to the UK financial sector. PRA Discussion Paper 3/22 and FCA Discussion Paper 22/3 (2022). https://www.bankofengland.co.uk/prudential-regulation/publication/2022/july/operational-resilience-critical-third-parties-uk-financial-sector

  5. Beckett, D., Berners-Lee, T., Prud’hommeaux, E., Carothers, G.: RDF 1.1 Turtle (2014). https://www.w3.org/TR/turtle/

  6. Belhajjame, K., et al.: PROV-O: The PROV Ontology (2012). http://www.w3.org/TR/prov-o/

  7. Bennett, M.: The financial industry business ontology: best practice for big data. J. Bank. Regul. 14(3), 255–268 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1057/jbr.2013.13

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Brauchle, J.P., Göbel, M., Seiler, J., von Busekist, C.: Cyber map** the financial system. Technical report, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace (2020). http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep24291

  9. Bundesamt für Justiz [German Federal Office of Justice]: Gesetz zur Stärkung der Finanzmarktintegrität (Finanzmarktintegritätsstärkungsgesetz – FISG) [Act to Strengthen Financial Market Integrity (Financial Market Integrity Strengthening Act)] (2021). https://www.bgbl.de/xaver/bgbl/start.xav#__bgbl__%2F%2F*%5B%40attr_id%3D%27bgbl121s1534.pdf%27%5D__1699873137312

  10. Bundesamt für Sicherheit in der Informationstechnik [Federal Office for Information Security]: Die Lage der IT-Sicherheit in Deutschland 2023 [The state of IT security in Germany in 2023]. Technical report, Bundesamt für Sicherheit in der Informationstechnik [Federal Office for Information Security] (2023). https://www.bsi.bund.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/BSI/Publikationen/Lageberichte/Lagebericht2023.html

  11. Bundesanstalt für Finanzdienstleitsungsaufsicht [German Federal Financial Supervisory Authority] (BaFin): Auslagerungen: Landkarten bieten Orientierung [Outsourcing: Maps Provide Orientation] (2022). https://www.bafin.de/SharedDocs/Veroeffentlichungen/DE/Fachartikel/2022/fa_bj_2208_Auslagerungen_Landkarten.html

  12. Bundesanstalt für Finanzdienstleitsungsaufsicht [German Federal Financial Supervisory Authority] (BaFin): Wertschöpfungsketten im Finanzsektor: Empfehlungen zur IT-Aufsichtspraxis [Value chains in the financial sector: recommendations for IT supervisory practice] (2022). https://www.bafin.de/SharedDocs/Veroeffentlichungen/DE/Fachartikel/2022/fa_bj_2207_uni_innsbruck_wertschoepfungsketten.html

  13. Böhme, R., Pesch, P.J., Fritz, V.: Auswirkungen sich verändernder Wertschöpfungsketten im Finanzsektor auf die IT-Sicherheit [Effects of changing value chains in the financial sector on IT security] (2022). https://www.bafin.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/DE/Bericht/dl_abschlussbericht_forschungsprojekt_uni_innsbruck.pdf?__blob=publicationFile

  14. Clancy, L., Mourselas, C.: Ion cyber outage continues as banks rely on workarounds (2023). https://www.risk.net/derivatives/7955967/ion-cyber-outage-continues-as-banks-rely-on-workarounds

  15. Deng, Y., Lu, D., Huang, D., Chung, C., Lin, F.: Knowledge graph based learning guidance for cybersecurity hands-on labs. In: Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Global Computing Education, CompEd 2019, Chengdu, Sichuan, China, 17–19 May 2019, pp. 194–200. ACM (2019).https://doi.org/10.1145/3300115.3309531

  16. Dimou, A., Sande, M.V., Colpaert, P., Verborgh, R., Mannens, E., de Walle, R.V.: RML: a generic language for integrated RDF map**s of heterogeneous data. In: Proceedings of the Workshop on Linked Data on the Web co-located with the 23rd International World Wide Web Conference (WWW 2014), Seoul, Korea, 8 April 2014. CEUR Workshop Proceedings, vol. 1184. CEUR-WS.org (2014). http://ceur-ws.org/Vol-1184/ldow2014_paper_01.pdf

  17. Elhammadi, S., et al.: A high precision pipeline for financial knowledge graph construction. In: Proceedings of the 28th International Conference on Computational Linguistics, COLING 2020, Barcelona, Spain (Online), 8–13 December 2020, pp. 967–977. International Committee on Computational Linguistics (2020). https://doi.org/10.18653/V1/2020.COLING-MAIN.84

  18. European Banking Authority (EBA), European Insurance and Occupational Pensions Authority (EIOPA), European Securities and Markets Authority (ESMA): Joint European Supervisory Authorities’ Technical Advice (ESA 2023 23). Technical report, European Banking Authority (EBA) and European Insurance and Occupational Pensions Authority (EIOPA) and European Securities and Markets Authority (ESMA) (2023). https://www.eba.europa.eu/sites/default/files/document_library/Publications/Other%20publications/2023/JC%20technical%20advice%20on%20DORA/1062226/Joint-ESAs%E2%80%99%20response%20to%20the%20Call%20for%20advice%20on%20the%20designation%20criteria%20and%20fees%20for%20the%20DORA%20oversight%20framework_final.pdf

  19. European Central Bank (ECB): Guideline (EU) 2018/876 of the European Central Bank of 1 June 2018 on the Register of Institutions and Affiliates Data (ECB/2018/16). Official Journal of the European Union, pp. 3–21 (2018). https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/guideline/2018/876

  20. European Systemic Risk Board (ESRB): Systemic cyber risk. Technical report, European System of Financial Supervision (ESFS) (2020). https://www.esrb.europa.eu/pub/pdf/reports/esrb.report200219_systemiccyberrisk~101a09685e.en.pdf

  21. European Systemic Risk Board (ESRB): Mitigating systemic cyber risk. Technical report, European System of Financial Supervision (ESFS) (2022). https://www.esrb.europa.eu/pub/pdf/reports/esrb.SystemiCyberRisk.220127~b6655fa027.en.pdf

  22. Fensel, D., et al.: Knowledge Graphs - Methodology, Tools and Selected Use Cases. Springer, Cham (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-37439-6

    Book  Google Scholar 

  23. Financial Stability Board (FSB): Third-party dependencies in cloud services - Considerations on financial stability implications. Technical report, FSB (2019). https://www.fsb.org/wp-content/uploads/P091219-2.pdf

  24. Foroutan, N., Schröder, M., Dengel, A.: CO-fun: a German dataset on company outsourcing in fund prospectuses for named entity recognition and relation extraction. CoRR abs/2403.15322 (2024). https://arxiv.org/abs/2403.15322

  25. Gruber, T.: A translation approach to portable ontology specifications. Knowl. Acquis. 5(2), 199–220 (1993)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Handelsblatt: Nach Cyberangriff: Evotec verlässt MDax wegen Fristverletzung [After cyber attack: Evotec leaves MDax due to deadline violation] (2023). https://www.handelsblatt.com/finanzen/maerkte/aktien/chart-des-tages-nach-cyberangriff-evotec-verlaesst-mdax-wegen-fristverletzung/29133970.html

  27. Harry, C., Gallagher, N.: Classifying Cyber Events: A Proposed Taxonomy. Center for International and Security Studies at Maryland (CISSM), Cyber Attacks Database (2018). https://cissm.liquifiedapps.com/#about

  28. Hartig, O.: Foundations of RDF\(\star \) and SPARQL\(\star \) (an alternative approach to statement-level metadata in RDF). In: Proceedings of the 11th Alberto Mendelzon International Workshop on Foundations of Data Management and the Web, Montevideo, Uruguay, 7–9 June 2017. CEUR Workshop Proceedings, vol. 1912. CEUR-WS.org (2017). https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-1912/paper12.pdf

  29. Hellmann, S., Lehmann, J., Auer, S., Brümmer, M.: Integrating NLP using linked data. In: Alani, H., et al. (eds.) ISWC 2013. LNCS, vol. 8219, pp. 98–113. Springer, Heidelberg (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-41338-4_7

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  30. Hinderks, A., Schrepp, M., Thomaschewski, J.: User Experience Questionnaire, Data Analysis Tools. Website (2023). https://www.ueq-online.org/

  31. Huakui, L., Liang, H., Feicheng, M.: Constructing knowledge graph for financial equities. Data Anal. Knowl. Discov. 4(5), 27–37 (2020)

    Google Scholar 

  32. (IMF), I.M.F.: Norway: Financial Sector Assessment Program. Technical Note - Cybersecurity Risk Supervision and Oversight. IMF Staff Country Report 2020/262. Technical report, IMF (2020). https://www.imf.org/~/media/Files/Publications/CR/2020/English/1NOREA2020004.ash

  33. Jia, Y., Qi, Y., Shang, H., Jiang, R., Li, A.: A practical approach to constructing a knowledge graph for cybersecurity. Engineering 4(1), 53–60 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eng.2018.01.004

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Kiesling, E., Ekelhart, A., Kurniawan, K., Ekaputra, F.: The SEPSES knowledge graph: an integrated resource for cybersecurity. In: Ghidini, C., et al. (eds.) ISWC 2019. LNCS, vol. 11779, pp. 198–214. Springer, Cham (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-30796-7_13

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  35. Laugwitz, B., Held, T., Schrepp, M.: Construction and evaluation of a user experience questionnaire. In: Holzinger, A. (ed.) USAB 2008. LNCS, vol. 5298, pp. 63–76. Springer, Heidelberg (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-89350-9_6

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  36. Panetta, F.: The Quick and the Dead: building up cyber resilience in the financial sector. Technical report, European Central Bank (ECB) (2023). https://www.ecb.europa.eu/press/key/date/2023/html/ecb.sp230308~92211cd1f5.en.html

  37. **le, A., Piplai, A., Mittal, S., Joshi, A., Holt, J., Zak, R.: Relext: relation extraction using deep learning approaches for cybersecurity knowledge graph improvement. In: ASONAM 2019: International Conference on Advances in Social Networks Analysis and Mining, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, 27–30 August 2019, pp. 879–886. ACM (2019). https://doi.org/10.1145/3341161.3343519

  38. Resano, J.R.M.: Digital resilience and financial stability. The quest for policy tools in the financial sector. Technical report, Banco de España (2022). https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4336381

  39. Ros, G.: The Making of a Cyber Crash: A Conceptual Model for Systemic Risk in the Financial Sector. ESRB: Occasional Paper Series No. 2020/16 (2020). https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3723346

  40. Schreiber, G., Raimond, Y.: RDF 1.1 Primer (2014). https://www.w3.org/TR/rdf11-primer/

  41. Syed, Z., Padia, A., Finin, T., Mathews, M.L., Joshi, A.: UCO: a unified cybersecurity ontology. In: Martinez, D.R., Streilein, W.W., Carter, K.M., Sinha, A. (eds.) Artificial Intelligence for Cyber Security, Papers from the 2016 AAAI Workshop, Phoenix, Arizona, USA, 12 February 2016. AAAI Technical Report, vol. WS-16-03. AAAI Press (2016). http://www.aaai.org/ocs/index.php/WS/AAAIW16/paper/view/12574

  42. The European Parliament and the Council of the European Union: Regulation (EU) 2022/2554 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 December 2022 (2022). https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32022R2554 &from=FR

  43. Wang, W., Xu, Y., Du, C., Chen, Y., Wang, Y., Wen, H.: Data set and evaluation of automated construction of financial knowledge graph. Data Intell. 3(3), 418–443 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1162/DINT_A_00108

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Zehra, S., Mohsin, S.F.M., Wasi, S., Jami, S.I., Siddiqui, M.S., Raazi, S.M.K.: Financial knowledge graph based financial report query system. IEEE Access 9, 69766–69782 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3077916

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Markus Schröder .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2024 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this paper

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this paper

Schröder, M. et al. (2024). Towards Cyber Map** the German Financial System with Knowledge Graphs. In: Meroño Peñuela, A., et al. The Semantic Web. ESWC 2024. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 14664. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-60626-7_15

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-60626-7_15

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-031-60625-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-031-60626-7

  • eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Navigation