SpringerLink
Log in

Recent Advances in Extraction, Analysis, Value Addition, and Applications of Essential Oils

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Medicinal and Aromatic Plants

  • 33 Accesses

Abstract

Plants biosynthesize essential oils (EOs), which are a complex mixture of volatile hydrophobic compounds. They are extracted from aromatic plants (APs) using physical methods like distillation and cold pressing. EOs are now widely used in perfumery, flavouring, pharmaceutics, and aromatherapy. Monoterpenes (C10), sesquiterpenes (C15), and their oxygenated derivatives make up the majority of the EOs. The EOs also contain other ingredients like fatty acid esters and phenylpropanoids. In recent years, there has been a notable surge in the demand for EOs. As a result, there has been an increase in both cultivation and production. These days, EOs can be found anywhere, including your neighbourhood drugstore, pharmacy, and marketplace. The quality of the EOs is crucial and needs to be taken into consideration even with their availability. Numerous internal and external factors, including genetics, extraction techniques, growing environments, harvesting season, post-harvest handling, and adulterations, are known to have an impact on the chemical composition of EOs. A quality control system has to be established to guarantee fair trade and consumer safety because of these variations. Numerous techniques are being used to evaluate the quality of the EOs. However, the combined information gathered from these various analyses should serve as the foundation for evaluating the quality of EOs. With particular reference to their industrial potential, this chapter offers up-to-date information on the extraction, analysis, value-adding, and applications of APs as potential bioresources.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
EUR 32.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or Ebook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free ship** worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Adams, R. P. (2017). Identification of essential oil components by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (4th ed.). Allured Publishing Corp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aharoni, A., Jongsma, M. A., & Bouwmeester, H. J. (2005). Volatile science? Metabolic engineering of terpenoids in plants. Trends in Plant Science, 10(12), 594–602.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bakkali, F., Averbeck, S., Averbeck, D., & Idaomar, M. (2008). Biological effects of essential oils—A review. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 46(2), 446–475.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baranska, M., Schulz, H., Reitzenstein, S., Uhlemann, U., Strehle, M. A., Kruger, H., Quilitzsch, R., Foley, W., & Popp, J. (2005). Vibrational spectroscopic studies to acquire a quality control method of Eucalyptus essential oils. Biopolymers, 78, 237–248.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bart, H. J., & Pilz, S. (Eds.). (2011). Industrial scale natural products extraction. Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bele, A. A., & Khale, A. (2011). An overview on thin layer chromatography. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, 2(2), 256.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bicchi, C., D’amato, A., Nano, G. M., & Frattini, C. (1983). Improved method for the analysis of small amounts of essential oils by microdistillation followed by capillary gas chromatography. Journal of Chromatography A, 279, 409–416.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bighelli, A., & Casanova, J. (2010). Analytical methods for Cymbopogon oils. In A. Akhila (Ed.), Essential oil-bearing grasses-the genus Cymbopogon (pp. 195–215). CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group.

    Google Scholar 

  • CBI. (2009). Natural ingredients for cosmetics: The EU market for essential oils for cosmetics, CBI.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chamblee, T. S., Karelitz, R. L., Radford, T., & Clark, B. C., Jr. (1997). Identification of sesquiterpenes in citrus essential oils by cryofocusing GC/FT-IR. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 9(2), 127–132.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chauhan, A., Rahman, L., Verma, R. S., Anand, S., Verma, R. K., Yadav, A. K., Mishra, S., Kukreja, A. K., & Khanuja, S. P. S. (2009). Improved varietal development of medicinal and aromatic plants-a review. Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plant Sciences, 31(3), 246–255.

    Google Scholar 

  • Delahunty, C. M., Eyres, G., & Dufour, J. P. (2006). Gas chromatography-olfactometry. Journal of Separation Science, 29(14), 2107–2125.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Djilani, A., & Dicko, A. (2012). The therapeutic benefits of essential oils. Nutrition, Well-Being and Health, 7, 155–179.

    Google Scholar 

  • Do, T. K. T., Hadji-Minaglou, F., Antoniotti, S., & Fernandez, X. (2015). Authenticity of essential oils. TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 66, 146–157.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dubey, N. K., Ravindra Shukla, R. S., Ashok Kumar, A. K., Priyanka Singh, P. S., & Bhanu Prakash, B. P. (2011). Global scenario on the application of natural products in integrated pest management programmes. Natural products in plant pest management (pp. 1–20). CABI.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Fahn, A. (2000). Structure and function of secretory cells. Advances in Botanical Research, 31, 37–75.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Filippi, J. J., Belhassen, E., Baldovini, N., Brevard, H., & Meierhenrich, U. J. (2013). Qualitative and quantitative analysis of vetiver essential oils by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography and comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography A, 1288, 127–148.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grayson, D. H. (2000). Monoterpenoids. Natural Product Reports, 17(4), 385–419.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guenther, E. (1950). The essential oil (Vol. IV). D. Van Nostrand.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gupta, V., Mittal, P., Bansal, P., Khokra, S. L., & Kaushik, D. (2010). Pharmacological potential of Matricaria recutita-A review. Int J Pharm Sci Drug Res, 2(1), 12–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hajhashemi, V., Ghannadi, A., & Sharif, B. (2003). Anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties of the leaf extracts and essential oil of Lavandula angustifolia Mill. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 89(1), 67–71.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Honda, S. S., Khanuja, S. P. S., Longo, G., & Rakesh, D. D. (2008). Extraction technologies for medicinal and aromatic plants. ICS-UNIDO, United Nations Industrial Development Organization and the International Centre for Science and High Technology.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hunter, M. (2009). Essential oils: Art, agriculture, science, industry and entrepreneurship. Nova Science Publishers, Inc.,

    Google Scholar 

  • IS 326-6. (2005). Methods of sampling and test for natural and synthetic perfumery materials (Part 6) determination of solubility [PCD 18: Natural and Synthetic Fragrance Materials].

    Google Scholar 

  • Jimenez-Carmona, M. M., Ubera, J. L., & De Castro, M. L. (1999). Comparison of continuous subcritical water extraction and hydrodistillation of marjoram essential oil. Journal of Chromatography A, 855(2), 625–632.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Joulain, D., & Konig, W. A. (1998). The atlas of spectral data of Sesquiterpene hydrocarbons. E. B. Verlag.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kallio, M. (2008). Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography: Instrumental and methodological development. Academic Dissertation, University of Helsinki.

    Google Scholar 

  • König, W. A., Hochmuth, D. H., & Joulain, D. (2001). Terpenoids and related constituents of essential oils, library of massfinder 2.1. Institute of Organic Chemistry, Hamburg.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kovats, V. E. (1958). Gas‐chromatographische charakterisierung organischer verbindungen. Teil 1: retentionsindices aliphatischer halogenide, alkohole, aldehyde und ketone. Helvetica Chimica Acta, 41(7), 1915–1932.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kubeczka, K. H. (1985). Progress in isolation techniques for essential oil constituents. In Essential Oils and Aromatic Plants: Proceedings of the 15th International Symposium on Essential Oils, held in Noordwijkerhout, The Netherlands, July 19–21, 1984 (pp. 107–126). Dordrecht, Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kubeczka, K. H. (2010). History and sources of essential oil research. In K. H. C. Baser & G. Buchbauer (Eds.), Hand book of essential oils: Science, technology, and application. CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kubeczka, K. H., & Formáček, V. (2002). Essential oils analysis by capillary gas chromatography and carbon-13 NMR spectroscopy (No. Ed. 2). Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kumar, R., Sharma, S., Sood, S., Agnihotri, V. K., Singh, V., & Singh, B. (2014). Evaluation of several Rosa damascena varieties and Rosa bourboniana accession for essential oil content and composition in western Himalayas. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 26(3), 147–152.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lal, R. K., Chanotiya, C. S., Singh, V. R., Dhawan, S. S., Gupta, P., Shukla, S., & Mishra, A. (2019). Induced polygenic variations through γ-rays irradiation and selection of novel genotype in chamomile (Chamomilla recutita [L.] Rauschert). International Journal of Radiation Biology, 95(9), 1242–1250.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lal, R., Chanotiya, C., Gupta, P., Deepa, B., & Mishra, A. (2020). Essential oils their quality assurance, management and stakes of CSIR-CIMAP (India): Past and future perspective. Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plant Sciences, 42, 181–199.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lancas, F., David, F., & Sandra, P. (1988). CGC analysis of the essential oils of citrus fruits on 100 μm id columns. Journal of High Resolution Chromatography, 11(1), 73–75.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • MassFinder. (2007). MassFinder Software, Version 3.7. Dr. Hochmuth Scientific Consulting.

    Google Scholar 

  • NIST/EPA/NIH. (2005). Mass Spectral Library: NIST 05. Mass Spectrometry Data Center. Gaithersburg: National Institute of Standard and Technology.

    Google Scholar 

  • Perry, N. S., Bollen, C., Perry, E. K., & Ballard, C. (2003). Salvia for dementia therapy: Review of pharmacological activity and pilot tolerability clinical trial. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 75(3), 651–659.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Raut, J. S., & Karuppayil, S. M. (2014). A status review on the medicinal properties of essential oils. Industrial Crops and Products, 62, 250–264.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Riera, E., Golas, Y., Blanco, A., Gallego, J. A., Blasco, M., & Mulet, A. (2004). Mass transfer enhancement in supercritical fluids extraction by means of power ultrasound. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, 11(3–4), 241–244.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ríos, J. L. (2016). Essential oils: What they are and how the terms are used and defined. In V. R. Preedy (Ed.), Essential oils in food preservation, flavor and safety (pp. 3–10). Academic Press, Elsevier.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sarker, S. D., Latif, Z., & Gray, A. I. (2006). An introduction to natural products isolation. Natural Products Isolation, 1–25. Humana Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sell, C. (2006). Perfumery materials of natural origin. In C. Sell (Ed.), The Chemistry of Fragrances from Perfumer to Consumer (IInd ed.). RSC Publishing, Thomas Graham House, Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0WF.

    Google Scholar 

  • Silva, J., Abebe, W., Sousa, S. M., Duarte, V. G., Machado, M. I. L., & Matos, F. J. A. (2003). Analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of essential oils of Eucalyptus. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 89(2–3), 277–283.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Singh, B., Singh, S., & Anand, R. (2019). Aromatic wealth of Himalaya: Value addition and product development from essential oils. In B. Singh (Ed.), Plants of commercial values (pp. 361–378). CRC Press, Taylor & Francis, New India Publishing Agency.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stashenko, E. & Martínez, J. R. (2023). Essential oils and the circular bioeconomy. In Essential oils—Recent advances, new perspectives and applications (pp. 1–13). IntechOpen.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stratakos, A. C., & Koidis, A. (2015). Methods for extracting essential oils. In V. R. Preedy (Ed.), Essential oils in food preservation, flavor and safety (pp. 31–38). Academic Press, Elsevier.

    Google Scholar 

  • Taban, B. M., Stavropoulou, E., Winkelstroter, L. K., & Bezirtzoglou, E. (2021). Value-added effects of using aromatic plants in foods and human therapy. Food Science and Technology, 42.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Den Dool, H., & Kratz, P. D. (1963). A generalization of the retention index system including linear temperature programmed gas-liquid partition chromatography. Journal of Chromatography, 11, 463–471.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vian, M. A., Fernandez, X., Visinoni, F., & Chemat, F. (2008). Microwave hydrodiffusion and gravity, a new technique for extraction of essential oils. Journal of Chromatography A, 1190(1–2), 14–17.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vilkhu, K., Mawson, R., Simons, L., & Bates, D. (2008). Applications and opportunities for ultrasound assisted extraction in the food industry—A review. Innovative Food Science & Emerging Technologies, 9(2), 161–169.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Voon, H. C., Bhat, R., & Rusul, G. (2012). Flower extracts and their essential oils as potential antimicrobial agents for food uses and pharmaceutical applications. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, 11(1), 34–55.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wiley Registry. (2006). Wiley registry of mass spectral data (8th ed.). Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zellner, B. A., Dugo, P., Dugo, G., & Mondello, L. (2010). Analysis of essential oils. In K. H. C. Baser & G. Buchbauer (Eds.), Handbook of essential oils. science, technology and applications (pp. 151–184). CRC Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang, H. F., Yang, X. H., & Wang, Y. (2011). Microwave assisted extraction of secondary metabolites from plants: Current status and future directions. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 22(12), 672–688.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zuo, H. L., Yang, F. Q., Huang, W. H., & **a, Z. N. (2013). Preparative gas chromatography and its applications. Journal of Chromatographic Science, 51(7), 704–715.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zuzarte, M., & Salgueiro, L. (2015). Essential oils chemistry. In D. P. de Sousa (Ed.), Bioactive essential oils and cancer (pp. 19–28). Springer International Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), New Delhi, India (Aroma Mission Project: HCP-0007). The authors are also grateful to the Director of the Institute for their kind support during the compilation of this book chapter.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Phytochemistry Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CIMAP), PO CIMAP, Lucknow, 226015, India

    Munmun Kumar Singh, Swati Singh, Suyashi Mishra, Uma Shankar, Aransha Maurya & Ram Swaroop Verma

  2. Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, 201002, India

    Munmun Kumar Singh, Swati Singh & Ram Swaroop Verma

Authors
  1. Munmun Kumar Singh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Swati Singh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Suyashi Mishra
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Uma Shankar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Aransha Maurya
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Ram Swaroop Verma
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ram Swaroop Verma .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, New Delhi, Delhi, India

    Lakhan Kumar

  2. Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, New Delhi, Delhi, India

    Navneeta Bharadvaja

  3. Department of Applied Chemistry, Delhi Technological University, New Delhi, Delhi, India

    Ram Singh

  4. Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, New Delhi, Delhi, India

    Raksha Anand

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2024 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Singh, M.K., Singh, S., Mishra, S., Shankar, U., Maurya, A., Verma, R.S. (2024). Recent Advances in Extraction, Analysis, Value Addition, and Applications of Essential Oils. In: Kumar, L., Bharadvaja, N., Singh, R., Anand, R. (eds) Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. Sustainable Landscape Planning and Natural Resources Management. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-60117-0_7

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation