Canada

Abstract

This chapter covers a brief history of Canada and provides a basic overview of its intelligence services. Moreover, it goes into a detailed analysis and the findings exploring the first two research questions focusing on how and why Canada is using the P.I.S.E. Model to explore how and why Canada is using this to advance its position.

Annex

Canada
How/Why	P.I.S.E	Source type	Author(s)	Date	Page
The Canadian Communications Security Establishment Canada or CSE runs its SIGINT	I, S	Journal	Pfluke	2019	304
Intelligence focuses on Eastern Russia, Latin America, as well as the North and South Pacific	P, I, S, E	Journal	Pfluke	2019	306
Russia presents a challenge to Canada to include its homeland	I, S	Government Document	ATA	2022	10–12
Canada is a member of NATO and has units deployed as part of the eFP to Latvia	S	Book	Weaver	2021	38
China, Russia, Iran, North Korea, and even non-state actors are adeptly using cyber TTPs to target Canada's interests	I, S, E	Book	Weaver & Johnson	2020	1–12
Canada's core missions include, among others, the ability to detect/deter/defend its homeland and North America, lead/contribute to NATO/UN missions, supporting other countries in capacity building for security, and to support civil authorities with its military	P, I, S, E	Plan	Canada Defence	2018	3
Canada is committed to remaining “strong, secure, and engaged” as it maintains the ability to “anticipate, adapt, and act” to ensure its survival	P, I, S, E	Plan	Canada Defence	2018	1
Bilateral defense agreement between Canada and the United States (NORAD) helps ensure its security	I, S	Book	Weaver & Johnson	2020	46
NORAD agreement for collective defense of Canada and the United States	I, S	Plan	Canada Defence	2018	4
A high priority to the safety and security of its citizens, both while at home and abroad	S	Book	Weaver & Johnson	2020	33
Commitment to protecting its businesses, communities, and interests through a multifaceted tiered plan supported by divergent actors	P, I, S, E	Book	Weaver & Johnson	2020	33
Canada has an active counterterrorism strategy	P, I, S	Plan	CAN NSS	2019	1
It is investing in strengthening of its resilience regarding its vital systems and assets	I, S, E	Plan	CAN NSS	2019	1
Cyber creates an “Achilles’ heel”	I, S, E	Plan	CAN NSS	2019	1
Canada sees the value of sharing of national security related information for its own protection and security	P, I, S, E	Plan	CAN NSS	2019	1
Cybersecurity and resilience, cyber innovation, and leadership and collaboration all of which underpin its success going forward	I	Plan	NCSS	2018	4
Cyber Incident Response Centre to deal with the aftermath of cyber attacks	I, S, E	Government Document	Public Safety	2022	1
Canada could invest in CNO, CAN, CNE, and CND	I, S	Books	Weaver & Johnson; Weaver	2020; 2022	9, 25; 6
Canada is concerned about Russia's activity in the Arctic, and by extension, its security	S, E	Plan	Canada Defence	2018	12–13
Cyber underpins policy, weapons, and communications to ensure its survival	P, I, S, E	Book	Wells	2020	192
Canada will have to afford attention to 5G networks as these will present challenges to the FVEYs countries as will quantum computing	I, S, E	Book	Wells	2020	193–194
Canada can leverage unique intelligence derived by its membership in the Five Eyes Alliance as it partners with others	P, I, S, E	Chapter	Norrie & Nesbitt	2020	195
Through a normative partnership through Five Eyes can help Canada (and the other four countries) achieve success and protect its homeland	P, I, S, E	Chapter; Chapter	Røseth; Norrie & Nesbitt	2020; 2022	58; 196
Canadian policymakers and military personnel can leverage information (P.I.S.E.) to better understand what is occurring in the international environment	P, I, S, E	Chapter	George	2014	182–183
It can deploy upwards of 2,000 troops fairly easily if needed	S	Chapter	Ferris	2019	247
Canada and its intelligence organizations will have to understand the international environment, and a potential adversaries’ intent and capabilities	P, I, S, E	Chapter	George	2019	143
Canada must be prepared for cyberpower players and invest in CND	I, S, E	Chapter	Sheldon	2019	294–295
Canada underscored its support for the Indo-Pacific region when Defence Minister Anita Anand met in Singapore, with among others, counterparts from Australia and New Zealand and its provision of naval forces to conduct Operation PROJECTION, a naval exercise in the region	P, S	Press Release	Canada Defence Press Release 1	2022	NP
Minister of Foreign Affairs of Canada Mélanie Joly (2022) underscored security concerns with Russia when meeting jointly with other USMCA members	P, S, E	Press Release	Joly	2022	NP
Trudeau underscored the importance of Canada's support to the NATO eFP mission at a speech he gave in Berlin in March 2022	S	Speech	Trudeau	2022a	NP
Trudeau (2022b) underscored the importance of the NORAD defense agreement (to protect its homeland) when recently visiting its headquarters in June 2022	P, S	Press Release	Trudeau	2022b	NP
Canada’s Defence Minister underscored her country's support to the Alliance at the end of the NATO Summit in June 2022 to help ensure its survival as a nation	P, S	Press Release	Ananda	2022a	NP
Canada and Latvia signed a joint declaration to support Canada’s eFP specifically as it looks to serve as the lead Framework Nation, and to serve as the command and control for this forward brigade	P, S	Press Release	Ananda	2022b	NP