Abstract
The propagation of code from one process to another is an important aspect of many malware families and can be achieved, for example, through code injections or the launch of new instances. An in-depth understanding of how and when malware uses interprocess code propagations would be a valuable aid in the analysis of this threat, since many dynamic malware analysis and unpacking schemes rely on finding running instances of malicious code. However, despite the prevalence of such propagations, there is little research on this topic. Therefore, in this work, we aim to extend the state-of-the-art by measuring both the behavior and the prevalence of interprocess code propagations of malicious software. We developed a method based on API-tracing for measuring code propagations in dynamic malware analysis. Subsequently, we implemented this method into a proof-of-concept implementation as a basis for further research. To gain more knowledge on the prevalence of code propagations and the code propagation techniques used, we conducted a study using our implementation on a real-world data set of 4853 malware samples from 1747 families. Our results show that more than a third (38.13%) of the executables use code propagation, which can be further classified into four different topologies and 24 different code propagation techniques. We also provide a list of the most significant representative malware samples for each of these topologies and techniques as a starting point for researchers aiming to develop countermeasures against code propagation.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
Git commit d366eb0 - Jan 6, 2023.
- 2.
Our definition differs from the definition for starlike trees in that the vertex with degree greater than 1 does not need to be the root.
- 3.
6adecfaec434b41ecce9911f00b48e4e8ae6e3e8b9081d59e1b46480e9f7dbfc.
- 4.
f19ce795b4b2421a82ff71a3f3a271032578c80cadd0cc44b1714848b5bb81c0.
- 5.
f9ef36da6a3786dd672e049aa4028d12d0cd33a4f4771ec70309c89f8f482930.
- 6.
bd882e2eefd0145ff169d868c1815df272f84a5ad1e501cfa5c3336839774171.
- 7.
a7a29da4c53d424e1997ff8f2702aea6b76e9f5b60d704f306c353e01cea4d76.
- 8.
520ae48364d7e5fe6bdb0a59c9cd1370dee5b26e648677fa84f1f601f727d280.
- 9.
89b138eaaade5a1ec36e2d1422ae38059f138e81b722301e713b65a74de521c7.
- 10.
f24354e54e4b59f6c327b1f7e144092647e726505acde5595a8386e7c2c6fa8a.
- 11.
40fa0ae6c2f73af93c304b3e12d22ee38100ac0e18798f2e96b1db37abbca8e8.
- 12.
072cdcf66b81772724648da4c0ca2429a39504599e07ccfca2ba8af73ec24adc.
- 13.
97a614c078ca4302c31a8af24cf19317d76507c5fee17b4df10149157127b19b.
- 14.
df70581c5a712e2eda57922114534704166f93dc2158c302c58d61a487330546.
- 15.
be65dc1c2d2cb1ddbb7b08780e608eb0d9cabc706491f5bd7657326018c0c518.
- 16.
e7fa2707166283e1f0e7422546ee387aae01b5ee5c255a62909da0a3b6cb19c0.
- 17.
92c0cc5879215255478b3325bee34353090e08337aa61a92506f0498f7907500.
- 18.
92bb2efeea875eb5e8779f13cc50d1a831b3c538eb73e15384f8748266be8ff1.
- 19.
bff06d770eec594c363a217effbe2ea4e8a618b7ef95da1100e5aef9c847403f.
- 20.
b2c6c7e9d8bb6f75865324788cf311a5a951e2d4e69137937ecfb0879ebae1ce.
- 21.
d7489e3f876cb41d61b08bb1f91ed9a9f862761416954649c4ee2c26b5c3c199.
- 22.
80823b2e354ed28badde4e8a7525113be5fc61b4a48f64a5f33da9491d2d2aa9.
- 23.
d22f9035ac8c69bb391bd478b01305c00bef0cb7b1b0b2ea716ad31a3fcc07cb.
- 24.
3ff49706e78067613aa1dcf0174968963b17f15e9a6bc54396a9f233d382d0e6.
- 25.
104428ccf005b36edfb62d110203a43bdbb417052b31eb4646395309645c9944.
- 26.
6adecfaec434b41ecce9911f00b48e4e8ae6e3e8b9081d59e1b46480e9f7dbfc.
References
Alvarez, V.M.: YARA: the pattern matching swiss knife for malware researchers (and everyone else). http://virustotal.github.io/yara/. Accessed 16 Aug 2023
ATT &CK, M.: Mitre att &ck (2021). https://attack.mitre.org
AVTest: security report 2019/2020. https://www.av-test.org/fileadmin/pdf/security_report/AV-TEST_Security_Report_2019-2020.pdf. Accessed 16 Aug 2023
Bacs, A., Vermeulen, R., Slowinska, A., Bos, H.: System-level support for intrusion recovery. In: Flegel, U., Markatos, E., Robertson, W. (eds.) Detection of Intrusions and Malware, and Vulnerability Assessment. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 7591, pp. 144–163. Springer, Berlin (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-37300-8_9
Barabosch, T., Bergmann, N., Dombeck, A., Padilla, E.: Quincy: Detecting host-based code injection attacks in memory dumps. In: Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Detection of Intrusions and Malware, and Vulnerability Assessment (DIMVA), Bonn, Germany (2017)
Barabosch, T., Eschweiler, S., Gerhards-Padilla, E.: Bee master: detecting host-based code injection attacks. In: Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Detection of Intrusions and Malware, and Vulnerability Assessment (DIMVA), London, UK (2014)
Barabosch, T., Gerhards-Padilla, E.: Host-based code injection attacks: a popular technique used by malware. In: 2014 9th International Conference on Malicious and Unwanted Software: The Americas (MALWARE), pp. 8–17. IEEE (2014)
Bohne, L., Holz, T.: Pandora’s Bochs: automated malware unpacking. Master’s thesis, RWTH Aachen University (2008)
ByteAtlas: Knowledge fragment: Hardening win7 x64 on virtualbox for malware analysis. http://byte-atlas.blogspot.com/2017/02/hardening-vbox-win7x64.html. Accessed 16 Aug 2023
D’Elia, D.C., Nicchi, S., Mariani, M., Marini, M., Palmaro, F.: Designing robust API monitoring solutions. IEEE Trans. Dependable Secure Comput. 01, 1–1 (2021)
Dinaburg, A., Royal, P., Sharif, M., Lee, W.: Ether: malware analysis via hardware virtualization extensions. In: Proceedings of the 15th ACM Conference On Computer and Communications Security, pp. 51–62. ACM (2008)
Dolan-Gavitt, B., Hodosh, J., Hulin, P., Leek, T., Whelan, R.: Repeatable reverse engineering with panda. In: Proceedings of the 5th Program Protection and Reverse Engineering Workshop, pp. 1–11 (2015)
Isawa, R., Morii, M., Inoue, D.: Comparing malware samples for unpacking: a feasibility study. In: 2016 11th Asia Joint Conference on Information Security (AsiaJCIS), pp. 155–160. IEEE (2016)
Ispoglou, K.K., Payer, M.: malWASH: washing malware to evade dynamic analysis. In: 10th USENIX Workshop on Offensive Technologies (WOOT 16). USENIX Association, Austin, TX (2016). https://www.usenix.org/conference/woot16/workshop-program/presentation/ispoglou
Jenke, T., Plohmann, D., Padilla, E.: RoAMer: the robust automated malware unpacker. In: 14th International Conference on Malicious and Unwanted Software (MALWARE), Nantucket, MA, USA, 2019, pp. 67–74 (2019)
Jeong, G., Choo, E., Lee, J., Bat-Erdene, M., Lee, H.: Generic unpacking using entropy analysis. In: 2010 5th International Conference on Malicious and Unwanted Software, pp. 98–105. IEEE (2010)
Kang, M.G., Poosankam, P., Yin, H.: Renovo: a hidden code extractor for packed executables. In: Proceedings of the 2007 ACM Workshop on Recurring Malcode, pp. 46–53. ACM (2007)
Kawakoya, Y., Shioji, E., Iwamura, M., Miyoshi, J.: API chaser: taint-assisted sandbox for evasive malware analysis. J. Inf. Proc. 27, 297–314 (2019)
Korczynski, D.: RePEconstruct: reconstructing binaries with self-modifying code and import address table destruction. In: 2016 11th International Conference on Malicious and Unwanted Software (MALWARE), pp. 1–8. IEEE (2016)
Korczynski, D.: Precise system-wide concatic malware unpacking. ar**v preprint: ar**v:1908.09204 (2019)
Korczynski, D., Yin, H.: Capturing malware propagations with code injections and code-reuse attacks. In: Proceedings of the 2017 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security, pp. 1691–1708 (2017)
Küchler, A., Mantovani, A., Han, Y., Bilge, L., Balzarotti, D.: Does every second count? time-based evolution of malware behavior in sandboxes. In: Proceedings of the Network and Distributed System Security Symposium, NDSS. The Internet Society (2021)
Lengyel, T.K., Maresca, S., Payne, B.D., Webster, G.D., Vogl, S., Kiayias, A.: Scalability, fidelity and stealth in the DRAKVUF dynamic malware analysis system. In: Proceedings of the 30th Annual Computer Security Applications Conference, pp. 386–395 (2014)
Lepović, M., Gutman, I.: No starlike trees are cospectral. Discret. Math. 242(1–3), 291–295 (2002)
Magazine, S.: Ransomware attacks nearly doubled in 2021 (2022)
Martignoni, L., Christodorescu, M., Jha, S.: OmniUnpack: fast, generic, and safe unpacking of malware. In: Computer Security Applications Conference, 2007. ACSAC 2007. Twenty-Third Annual, pp. 431–441. IEEE (2007)
Microsoft: Microsoft detours. https://github.com/microsoft/Detours. Accessed 16 Aug 2023
Microsoft: Samples: Syelog. https://documentation.help/Detours/Sam_Syelog.htm. Accessed 16 Aug 2023
Microsoft: Samples: Traceapi. https://documentation.help/Detours/Sam_Traceapi.htm. Accessed 16 Aug 2023
Mohammad, A.H.: Ransomware evolution, growth and recommendation for detection. Mod. Appl. Sci. 14(3), 68 (2020)
Oracle: Oracle virtualbox. https://www.virtualbox.org/. Accessed 16 Aug 2023
Plohmann, D., Clauss, M., Enders, S., Padilla, E.: Malpedia: a collaborative effort to inventorize the malware landscape. In: Proceedings of the Botconf (2017)
Plohmann, D., Enders, S., Padilla, E.: ApiScout: robust windows API usage recovery for malware characterization and similarity analysis. J Cybercrime Digit. Invest. 4, 1–6 (2018)
Rossow, C., et al.: Prudent practices for designing malware experiments: status quo and outlook. In: Proceedings of the 33rd IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (S &P), San Francisco, CA (2012)
Royal, P., Halpin, M., Dagon, D.: PolyUnpack: automating the hidden-code extraction of unpack-executing malware. In: ACSAC, pp 289–300 (2006)
Sharif, M., Yegneswaran, V., Saidi, H., Porras, P., Lee, W.: Eureka: a framework for enabling static malware analysis. In: Jajodia, S., Lopez, J. (eds.) Computer Security - ESORICS 2008. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 5283, pp. 481–500. Springer, Berlin (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-88313-5_31
Ugarte-Pedrero, X., Balzarotti, D., Santos, I., Bringas, P.G.: RAMBO: run-time packer analysis with multiple branch observation. In: Caballero, J., Zurutuza, U., Rodriguez, R. (eds.) Detection of Intrusions and Malware, and Vulnerability Assessment. Lecture Notes in Computer Science(), vol. 9721, pp. 186–206. Springer, Cham (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-40667-1_10
Yin, H., Song, D., Egele, M., Kruegel, C., Kirda, E.: Panorama: capturing system-wide information flow for malware detection and analysis. In: Proceedings of the 14th ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security, pp. 116–127 (2007)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2024 ICST Institute for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering
About this paper
Cite this paper
Jenke, T., Liessem, S., Padilla, E., Bruckschen, L. (2024). A Measurement Study on Interprocess Code Propagation of Malicious Software. In: Goel, S., Nunes de Souza, P.R. (eds) Digital Forensics and Cyber Crime. ICDF2C 2023. Lecture Notes of the Institute for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering, vol 571. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-56583-0_18
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-56583-0_18
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-031-56582-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-031-56583-0
eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)