Abstract
There is a considerable variety of research on microalgae-based wastewater treatment systems (MWWTS). This chapter discusses the diverse microbial associations that have been applied to MWWTS as well as the role of other biological players, such as zooplankton and viruses. Although microalgal-bacterial associations are widely studied, others such as microalgal-fungal are now receiving increasing attention. The metabolisms of photosynthetic microalgae and aerobic bacteria complement each other, increasing the overall efficiency of MWWTS. Statistical meta-analyses of the literature data indicate that microalgal-bacterial and microalgae-only wastewater treatment systems remove significantly different percentages of COD (paired t-test, t21 = 4.138, P < 0.001), TN (paired t-test, t10 = 3.61, P = 0.004), and TP (paired t-test, t15 = 2.37, P = 0.031). Meanwhile, microalgae and fungi are readily pelletized and accumulate large amounts of lipids, which can be used for biofuel production. On the other hand, zooplankton and viruses can also be present in MWWTS, interacting with the implemented consortia. The presence of zooplankton communities can compromise MWWTS; however, several zooplankton control techniques have been studied and are effective at optimizing the MWWTS process. Regarding aquatic viruses in MWWTS, more research should be conducted given the roles of virioplankton and their interactions with microalgae in naturally occurring water bodies. Independently of the important roles of different organisms (aerobic-anaerobic) on wastewater treatment, the presence of other microorganisms such as microalgae improves different wastewater treatment processes. Thus, more research is needed on the use of different microalgae, bacteria and fungi species to enhance the removal of different pollutants (including toxic and persistent compounds) and micronutrients, while providing oxygen to the system and consuming CO2, reducing the need for mechanical aeration and fixing CO2 from the environment.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Al Raie, H. H., Al Jassani, J. S., & Rasheed, K. A. (2020). Wastewater treatment by using locally isolated algae species Coelastrella terrestris (Reisigl). Plant Archives, 20, 1691–1695.
Alberts, B., Johnson, A., Lewis, J., Morgan, D., Raff, M., Roberts, K., Walter, P., Wilson, J., & Hunt, T. (2015). Molecular biology of the cell (6th ed.). Garland Science, Taylor & Francis Group.
Amini, E., Babaei, A., Mehrnia, M. R., Shayegan, J., & Safdari, M. S. (2020). Municipal wastewater treatment by semi-continuous and membrane algal-bacterial photo-bioreactors. Journal of Water Process Engineering, 36, 101274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2020.101274
Amiri, R., & Ahmadi, M. (2020). Treatment of wastewater in sewer by Spirogyra sp. green algae: Effects of light and carbon sources. Water Environment Journal, 34(3), 311–321. https://doi.org/10.1111/wej.12463
Andersen, R. A. (2005). Algal culturing techniques. Elsevier/Academic Press.
Ardern, E., & Lockett, W. T. (1914). Experiments on the oxidation of sewage without the aid of filters. Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry, 33, 523–539. https://doi.org/10.1002/jctb.5000331005
Asplund, J., & Wardle, D. A. (2017). How lichens impact on terrestrial community and ecosystem properties. Biological Reviews, 92(3), 1720–1738. https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12305
Bagatini, I. L., Eiler, A., Bertilsson, S., Klaveness, D., Tessarolli, L. P., & Vieira, A. A. (2014). Host-specificity and dynamics in bacterial communities associated with Bloom-forming freshwater phytoplankton. PLoS One, 9(1), e85950. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0085950
Benítez, M. B., Champagne, P., Ramos, A., Torres, A. F., & Ochoa-Herrera, V. (2019). Wastewater treatment for nutrient removal with Ecuadorian native microalgae. Environmental Technology, 40(22), 2977–2985. https://doi.org/10.1080/09593330.2018.1459874
Beuckels, A., Smolders, E., & Muylaert, K. (2015). Nitrogen availability influences phosphorus removal in microalgae-based wastewater treatment. Water Research, 77, 98–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2015.03.018
Bratbak, G., Egge, J. K., & Heldal, M. (1993). Viral mortality of the marine alga Emiliania huxleyi (Haptophyceae) and termination of algal blooms. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 93(1/2), 39–48. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps093039
Cao, W., Wang, X., Sun, S., Hu, C., & Zhao, Y. (2017). Simultaneously upgrading biogas and purifying biogas slurry using cocultivation of Chlorella vulgaris and three different fungi under various mixed light wavelength and photoperiods. Bioresource Technology, 241, 701–709. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2017.05.194
Cerón-Hernández, V. A., Madera-Parra, C. A., & Peña-Varón, M. (2015). Uso de lagunas algales de alta tasa para tratamiento de aguas residuales. Ingeniería y Desarrollo, 33(1), 98–125. https://doi.org/10.14482/inde.33.1.5318
Cheirsilp, B., Suwannarat, W., & Niyomdecha, R. (2011). Mixed culture of oleaginous yeast Rhodotorula glutinis and microalga Chlorella vulgaris for lipid production from industrial wastes and its use as biodiesel feedstock. New Biotechnology, 28(4), 362–368. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nbt.2011.01.004
Chen, T., Zhao, Q., Wang, L., Xu, Y., & Wei, W. (2017). Comparative metabolomic analysis of the green microalga Chlorella sorokiniana cultivated in the single culture and a consortium with bacteria for wastewater remediation. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 183(3), 1062–1075. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-017-2484-6
Chen, X., Li, Z., He, N., Zheng, Y., Li, H., Wang, H., Wang, Y., Lu, Y., Li, Q., & Peng, Y. (2018). Nitrogen and phosphorus removal from anaerobically digested wastewater by microalgae cultured in a novel membrane photobioreactor. Biotechnology for Biofuels, 11, 190. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13068-018-1190-0
Chen, X., Hu, Z., Qi, Y., Song, C., & Chen, G. (2019). The interactions of algae-activated sludge symbiotic system and its effects on wastewater treatment and lipid accumulation. Bioresource Technology, 292, 122017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2019.122017
Chen, C. Y., Kuo, E. W., Nagarajan, D., Ho, S. H., Dong, C. D., Lee, D. J., & Chang, J. S. (2020). Cultivating Chlorella sorokiniana AK-1 with swine wastewater for simultaneous wastewater treatment and algal biomass production. Bioresource Technology, 302, 122814. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2020.122814
Chokshi, K., Pancha, I., Ghosh, A., & Mishra, S. (2016). Microalgae biomass generation by phycoremediation of dairy industry wastewater: An integrated approach towards sustainable biofuel production. Bioresource Technology, 221, 455–460. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2016.09.070
Chu, R., Li, S., Zhu, L., Yin, Z., Hu, D., Liu, C., & Mo, F. (2021). A review on co-cultivation of microalgae with filamentous fungi: Efficient harvesting, wastewater treatment and biofuel production. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 139, 110689. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2020.110689
Conti, M. E., & Cecchetti, G. (2001). Biological monitoring: Lichens as bioindicators of air pollution assessment – A review. Environmental Pollution, 114(3), 471–492. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0269-7491(00)00224-4
Corpuz, M., Buonerba, A., Vigliotta, G., Zarra, T., Ballesteros, F., Jr., Campiglia, P., Belgiorno, V., Korshin, G., & Naddeo, V. (2020). Viruses in wastewater: Occurrence, abundance and detection methods. Science of the Total Environment, 745, 140910. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140910
Covarrubias, S. A., de-Bashan, L. E., Moreno, M., & Bashan, Y. (2012). Alginate beads provide a beneficial physical barrier against native microorganisms in wastewater treated with immobilized bacteria and microalgae. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 93(6), 2669–2680. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-011-3585-8
Craggs, R., Sutherland, D., & Campbell, H. (2012). Hectare-scale demonstration of high rate algal ponds for enhanced wastewater treatment and biofuel production. Journal of Applied Phycology, 24(3), 329–337. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-012-9810-8
Croft, M. T., Lawrence, A. D., Raux-Deery, E., Warren, M. J., & Smith, A. G. (2005). Algae acquire vitamin B12 through a symbiotic relationship with bacteria. Nature, 438(7064), 90–93. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature04056
Cruz, I., Bashan, Y., Hernàndez-Carmona, G., & de-Bashan, L. E. (2013). Biological deterioration of alginate beads containing immobilized microalgae and bacteria during tertiary wastewater treatment. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 97(22), 9847–9858. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-013-4703-6
de-Bashan, L. E., Moreno, M., Hernandez, J. P., & Bashan, Y. (2002). Removal of ammonium and phosphorus ions from synthetic wastewater by the microalgae Chlorella vulgaris coimmobilized in alginate beads with the microalgae growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense. Water Research, 36(12), 2941–2948. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1354(01)00522-X
de-Bashan, L. E., Hernandez, J. P., Morey, T., & Bashan, Y. (2004). Microalgae growth-promoting bacteria as “helpers” for microalgae: A novel approach for removing ammonium and phosphorus from municipal wastewater. Water Research, 38(2), 466–474. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2003.09.022
Delanka-Pedige, H. M. K., Cheng, X., Munasinghe-Arachchige, S. P., Abeysiriwardana-Arachchige, I. S. A., Xu, J., Nirmalakhandan, N., & Zhang, Y. (2020). Metagenomic insights into virus removal performance of an algal-based wastewater treatment system utilizing Galdieria sulphuraria. Algal Research, 47, 101865. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.algal.2020.101865
Ding, Y., Song, X., Wang, W., & Wang, Y. (2018). Effects of influent algae concentrations and seasonal variations on pollutant removal performance in high-rate algae ponds. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 27(4), 1901–1905. https://doi.org/10.15244/pjoes/76796
Dudley, B. D., & Shima, J. S. (2010). Algal and invertebrate bioindicators detect sewage effluent along the coast of Titahi Bay, Wellington, New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 44(1), 39–51. https://doi.org/10.1080/00288331003641687
Fan, J., Chen, Y., Zhang, T. C., Ji, B., & Cao, L. (2020). Performance of Chlorella sorokiniana-activated sludge consortium treating wastewater under light-limited heterotrophic condition. Chemical Engineering Journal, 382, 122799. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2019.122799
Gao, S., Hu, C., Sun, S., Xu, J., Zhao, Y., & Zhang, H. (2018). Performance of piggery wastewater treatment and biogas upgrading by three microalgae cultivation technologies under different initial COD concentration. Energy, 165, 360–369. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2018.09.190
Gao, F., Yang, H. L., Lia, C., Penga, Y. Y., Lua, M. M., **a, W. J., Baoc, J. J., & Guoc, Y. M. (2019). Effect of organic carbon to nitrogen ratio in wastewater on growth, nutrient uptake and lipid accumulation of a mixotrophic microalgae Chlorella sp. Bioresource Technology, 282, 118–124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2019.03.011
García, J., Mujeriego, R., & Hernández-Mariné, M. (2000). High rate algal pond operating strategies for urban wastewater nitrogen removal. Journal of Applied Phycology, 12, 331–339. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008146421368
Gobler, C. J., Anderson, O. R., Gastrich, M. D., & Wilhelm, S. W. (2007). Ecological aspects of viral infection and lysis in the harmful brown tide alga Aureococcus anophagefferens. Aquatic Microbial Ecology, 47(1), 25–36. https://doi.org/10.3354/ame047025
Gou, Y., Yang, J., Fang, F., Guo, J., & Ma, H. (2020). Feasibility of using a novel algal-bacterial biofilm reactor for efficient domestic wastewater treatment. Environmental Technology, 41(4), 400–410. https://doi.org/10.1080/09593330.2018.1499812
Gu, W., & Wang, G. (2020). Absorptive process and biological activity of Ulva prolifera and algal bioremediation of coking effluent. BioResources, 15(2), 2605–2620.
Guo, G., Cao, W., Sun, S., Zhao, Y., & Hu, C. (2017). Nutrient removal and biogas upgrading by integrating fungal–microalgae cultivation with anaerobically digested swine wastewater treatment. Journal of Applied Phycology, 29(6), 2857–2866. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-017-1207-2
Gupta, S., Srivastava, P., & Yadav, A. K. (2020). Simultaneous removal of organic matters and nutrients from high-strength wastewater in constructed wetlands followed by entrapped algal systems. Environmental Science and Pollution Research International, 27(1), 1112–1117. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-06896-z
Hamed, I. (2016). The evolution and versatility of microalgae biotechnology: A review. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, 15(6), 1104–1123. https://doi.org/10.1111/1541-4337.12227
Han, W., Mao, Y., Wei, Y., Shang, P., & Zhou, X. (2020). Bioremediation of aquaculture wastewater with algal-bacterial biofilm combined with the production of selenium rich biofertilizer. Water, 12(7), 2071. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12072071
Higgins, B. T., Gennity, I., Samra, S., Kind, T., Fiehn, O., & VanderGheynst, J. S. (2016). Cofactor symbiosis for enhanced algal growth, biofuel production, and wastewater treatment. Algal Research, 17, 308–315. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.algal.2016.05.024
Hom-Diaz, A., Jaén-Gil, A., Bello-Laserna, I., Rodríguez-Mozaz, S., Vicent, T., Barceló, D., & Blánquez, P. (2017). Performance of a microalgae photobioreactor treating toilet wastewater: Pharmaceutically active compound removal and biomass harvesting. Science of the Total Environment, 592, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.02.224
Hossain, N., Zaini, J., & Indra Mahlia, T. M. (2019). Life cycle assessment, energy balance and sensitivity analysis of bioethanol production from microalgae in a tropical country. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 115, 109371. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2019.109371
Huang, W., Liu, D., Huang, W., Cai, W., Zhang, Z., & Lei, Z. (2020). Achieving partial nitrification and high lipid production in an algal-bacterial granule system when treating low COD/NH4-N wastewater. Chemosphere, 248, 126106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126106
Huo, S., Kong, M., Zhu, F., Qian, J., Huang, D., Chen, P., & Ruan, R. (2020). Co-culture of Chlorella and wastewater-borne bacteria in vinegar production wastewater: Enhancement of nutrients removal and influence of algal biomass generation. Algal Research, 45, 101744. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.algal.2019.101744
Iasimone, F., Zuccaro, G., D’Oriano, V., Franci, G., Galdiero, M., Pirozzi, D., De Felice, V., & Pirozzi, F. (2018). Combined yeast and microalgae cultivation in a pilot-scale raceway pond for urban wastewater treatment and potential biodiesel production. Water Science and Technology, 77(3–4), 1062–1071. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2017.620
Jämsä, M., Lynch, F., Santana-Sánchez, A., Laaksonen, P., Zaitsev, G., Solovchenko, A., & Allahverdiyeva, Y. (2017). Nutrient removal and biodiesel feedstock potential of green alga UHCC00027 grown in municipal wastewater under Nordic conditions. Algal Research, 26, 65–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.algal.2017.06.019
Ji, X., Jiang, M., Zhang, J., Jiang, X., & Zheng, Z. (2018). The interactions of algae-bacteria symbiotic system and its effects on nutrients removal from synthetic wastewater. Bioresource Technology, 247, 44–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2017.09.074
Ji, B., Zhang, M., Gu, J., Ma, Y., & Liu, Y. (2020). A self-sustaining synergetic microalgae-bacterial granular sludge process towards energy-efficient and environmentally sustainable municipal wastewater treatment. Water Research, 179, 115884. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2020.115884
Kent, M., Welladsen, H. M., Mangott, A., & Li, Y. (2015). Nutritional evaluation of Australian microalgae as potential human health supplements. PLoS One, 10(2), e0118985. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0118985
Lee, C. S., Lee, S. A., Ko, S. R., Oh, H. M., & Ahn, C. Y. (2015). Effects of photoperiod on nutrient removal, biomass production, and algal-bacterial population dynamics in lab-scale photobioreactors treating municipal wastewater. Water Research, 68, 680–691. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2014.10.029
Lee, K. Y., Lee, S. H., Lee, J. E., & Lee, S. Y. (2019a). Biosorption of radioactive cesium from contaminated water by microalgae Haematococcus pluvialis and Chlorella vulgaris. Journal of Environmental Management, 233, 83–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.12.022
Lee, S. A., Lee, N., Oh, H. M., & Ahn, C. Y. (2019b). Enhanced and balanced microalgae wastewater treatment (COD, N, and P) by interval inoculation of activated sludge. Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 29(9), 1434–1443. https://doi.org/10.4014/jmb.1905.05034
Lee, V., Zheng, S., Meza-Padilla, I., & Nissimov, J. I. (2023). The curious case of cyanobacteria: a tale of light and darkness. bioRxiv. https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.05.16.541008
Li, Y., Chen, Y. F., Chen, P., Min, M., Zhou, W., Martinez, B., Zhu, J., & Ruan, R. (2011). Characterization of a microalga chlorella sp. well adapted to highly concentrated municipal wastewater for nutrient removal and biodiesel production. Bioresource Technology, 102(8), 5138–5144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2011.01.091
Liang, Z., Liu, Y., Ge, F., Xu, Y., Tao, N., Peng, F., & Wong, M. (2013). Efficiency assessment and pH effect in removing nitrogen and phosphorus by algae-bacteria combined system of Chlorella vulgaris and Bacillus licheniformis. Chemosphere, 92(10), 1383–1389. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.05.014
Lincoln, E. P., Hall, T. W., & Koopman, B. (1983). Zooplankton control in mass algal cultures. Aquaculture, 32(3–4), 331–337. https://doi.org/10.1016/0044-8486(83)90230-2
Ling, J., Nip, S., Cheok, W. L., de Toledo, R. A., & Shim, H. (2014). Lipid production by a mixed culture of oleaginous yeast and microalga from distillery and domestic mixed wastewater. Bioresource Technology, 173, 132–139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2014.09.047
Liu, H., Lu, Q., Wang, Q., Liu, W., Wei, Q., Ren, H., Ming, C., Min, M., Chen, P., & Ruan, R. (2017a). Isolation of a bacterial strain, Acinetobacter sp. from centrate wastewater and study of its cooperation with algae in nutrients removal. Bioresource Technology, 235, 59–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2017.03.111
Liu, L., Fan, H., Liu, Y., Liu, C., & Huang, X. (2017b). Development of algae-bacteria granular consortia in photo-sequencing batch reactor. Bioresource Technology, 232, 64–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2017.02.025
Loosanoff, V. L., Hanks, J. E., & Ganaros, A. E. (1957). Control of certain forms of zooplankton in mass algal cultures. Science, 125(3257), 1092–1093. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.125.3257.1092-a
Luo, L. Z., Shao, Y., Luo, S., Zeng, F. J., & Tian, G. M. (2019). Nutrient removal from piggery wastewater by Desmodesmus sp.CHX1 and its cultivation conditions optimization. Environmental Technology, 40(21), 2739–2746. https://doi.org/10.1080/09593330.2018.1449903
Lv, J., Liu, Y., Feng, J., Liu, Q., Nan, F., & **e, S. (2018). Nutrients removal from undiluted cattle farm wastewater by the two-stage process of microalgae-based wastewater treatment. Bioresource Technology, 264, 311–318. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2018.05.085
Madadi, R., Pourbabaee, A., Tabatabaei, M., Zahed, M., & Naghavi, M. (2016). Treatment of petrochemical wastewater by the green algae Chlorella vulgaris. International Journal of Environmental Research, 10(4), 555–560. https://doi.org/10.22059/IJER.2016.59684
Madoni, P. (2011). Protozoa in wastewater treatment processes: A minireview. The Italian Journal of Zoology, 78(1), 3–11. https://doi.org/10.1080/11250000903373797
Mai, W., Chen, J., Liu, H., Liang, J., Tang, J., & Wei, Y. (2021). Advances in studies on microbiota involved in nitrogen removal processes and their applications in wastewater treatment. Frontiers in Microbiology, 12, 746293. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2021.746216
Mantovani, M., Marazzi, F., Fornaroli, R., Bellucci, M., Ficara, E., & Mezzanotte, V. (2020). Outdoor pilot-scale raceway as a microalgae-bacteria side stream treatment in a WWTP. Science of the Total Environment, 710, 135583. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135583
Marazzi, F., Bellucci, M., Fornaroli, R., Bani, A., Ficara, E., & Mezzanotte, V. (2020). Lab-scale testing of operation parameters for algae based treatment of piggery wastewater. Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, 95, 967–974. https://doi.org/10.1002/jctb.5972
McGaughy, K., Abu Hajer, A., Drabold, E., Bayless, D., & Reza, M. T. (2019). Algal remediation of wastewater produced from hydrothermally treated septage. Sustainability, 11(12), 3454. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11123454
Montemezzani, V., Duggan, I. C., Hogg, I. D., & Craggs, R. J. (2015). A review of potential methods for zooplankton control in wastewater treatment high rate algal ponds and algal production raceways. Algal Research, 11, 211–226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.algal.2015.06.024
Montemezzani, V., Duggan, I. C., Hogg, I. D., & Craggs, R. J. (2017a). Screening of potential zooplankton control technologies for wastewater treatment high rate algal ponds. Algal Research, 22, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.algal.2016.11.022
Montemezzani, V., Duggan, I. C., Hogg, I. D., & Craggs, R. J. (2017b). Assessment of potential zooplankton control treatments for wastewater treatment high rate algal ponds. Algal Research, 24, 40–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.algal.2017.03.013
Montemezzani, V., Duggan, I. C., Hogg, I. D., & Craggs, R. J. (2017c). Control of zooplankton populations in a wastewater treatment high rate algal pond using overnight CO2 asphyxiation. Algal Research, 26, 250–264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.algal.2017.08.004
Muggia, L., Leavitt, S., & Barreno, E. (2018). The hidden diversity of lichenised Trebouxiophyceae (Chlorophyta). Phycologia, 57(5), 503–524. https://doi.org/10.2216/17-134.1
Mujtaba, G., Rizwan, M., & Lee, K. (2015). Simultaneous removal of inorganic nutrients and organic carbon by symbiotic co-culture of Chlorella vulgaris and Pseudomonas putida. Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering, 20, 1114–1122. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12257-015-0421-5
Mujtaba, G., Rizwan, M., Kim, G., & Lee, K. (2018). Removal of nutrients and COD through co-culturing activated sludge and immobilized Chlorella vulgaris. Chemical Engineering Journal, 343, 155–162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2018.03.007
Muradov, N., Taha, M., Miranda, A. F., Wrede, D., Kadali, K., Gujar, A., Stevenson, T., Ball, A. S., & Mouradov, A. (2015). Fungal-assisted algal flocculation: Application in wastewater treatment and biofuel production. Biotechnology for Biofuels, 8, 24. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13068-015-0210-6
Nagasaki, K., Ando, M., Imai, I., Itakura, S., & Ishida, Y. (1994). Virus-like particles in Heterosigma akashiwo (Raphidophyceae): A possible red tide disintegration mechanism. Marine Biology, 119(2), 307. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00349570
Nash, D., Ellmen, I., Knapp, J. J., Menon, R., Overton, A. K., Cheng, J., Lynch, M. D. J., Nissimov, J. I., & Charles, T. C. (2024). A novel tiled amplicon sequencing assay targeting the tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV) genome reveals widespread distribution in municipal wastewater treatment systems in the province of Ontario, Canada. Viruses, 16(3), 460. https://doi.org/10.3390/v16030460
Naumann, T., Çebi, Z., Podola, B., & Melkonian, N. (2013). Growing microalgae as aquaculture feeds on twin-layers: A novel solid-state photobioreactor. Journal of Applied Phycology, 25(5), 1413–1420. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-012-9962-6
Nzayisenga, J. C., Farge, X., Groll, S. L., & Sellstedt, A. (2020). Effects of light intensity on growth and lipid production in microalgae grown in wastewater. Biotechnology for Biofuels, 13, 4. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13068-019-1646-x
Oswald, W. J. (1980). Algal production – Problems, achievements and potential. In G. Shelef & C. J. Soeder (Eds.), Algae biomass (pp. 1–8). Elsevier/North-Holland/Biomedica Press.
Pal, M., Yesankar, P. J., Dwivedi, A., & Qureshi, A. (2020). Biotic control of harmful algal blooms (HABs): A brief review. Journal of Environmental Management, 268, 110687. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110687
Paul, D., Arora, A., & Verma, M. L. (2021). Advances in microbial biofuel production. Frontiers in Microbiology, 12, 746216. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2021.746216
Pauli, W., Jax, K., & Berger, S. (2001). Protozoa in wastewater treatment: Function and importance. In B. Beek (Ed.), Biodegradation and persistence (The handbook of environmental chemistry (Vol. 2 Series: Reactions and processes)) (Vol. 2/2K). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/10508767_3
Proyecto CO2AlgaeFix. (2015) Manual de Buenas Prácticas: Instalación de Cultivo de Microalgas. Life10 Env/Es/000496 CO2AlgaeFix. Retrieved from https://www.co2algaefix.es
Qi, W., Mei, S., Yuan, Y., Li, X., Tang, T., Zhao, Q., Wu, M., Wei, W., & Sun, Y. (2018). Enhancing fermentation wastewater treatment by co-culture of microalgae with volatile fatty acid- and alcohol-degrading bacteria. Algal Research, 31, 31–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.algal.2018.01.012
Qiao, S., Hou, C., Wang, X., & Zhou, J. (2020). Minimizing greenhouse gas emission from wastewater treatment process by integrating activated sludge and microalgae processes. Science of the Total Environment, 732, 139032. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139032
Qin, L., Wei, D., Wang, Z., & Alam, M. A. (2019). Advantage assessment of mixed culture of Chlorella vulgaris and Yarrowia lipolytica for treatment of liquid digestate of yeast industry and cogeneration of biofuel feedstock. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 187(3), 856–869. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-018-2854-8
R Core Team. (2021). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R foundation for statistical computing, Vienna, Austria. https://www.R-project.org/
Rajapitamahuni, S., Bachani, P., Sardar, R. K., & Mishra, S. (2019). Co-cultivation of siderophore-producing bacteria Idiomarina loihiensis RS14 with Chlorella variabilis ATCC 12198, evaluation of micro-algal growth, lipid, and protein content under iron starvation. Journal of Applied Phycology, 31(1), 29–39. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-018-1591-2
Rodrigues de Assis, L., Calijuri, M. L., Assemany, P. P., Silva, T. A., & Teixeira, J. S. (2020). Innovative hybrid system for wastewater treatment: High-rate algal ponds for effluent treatment and biofilm reactor for biomass production and harvesting. Journal of Environmental Management, 274, 111183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111183
Ruiz-Güereca, D. A., & Sánchez-Saavedra, M. d. P. (2016). Growth and phosphorus removal by Synechococcus elongatus co-immobilized in alginate beads with Azospirillum brasilense. Journal of Applied Phycology, 28(3), 1501–1507. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-015-0728-9
Safferman, R. S., & Morris, M. E. (1964). Control of algae with viruses. Journal of American Water Works Association, 56(9), 1217–1224. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1551-8833.1964.tb01324.x
Salem, O., Hammad, A., Ismail, S., & Elgendy, A. (2019). Bio-treatment of wastewater using mixed algal cultures. Arab Universities Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 27(3), 1871–1880. https://doi.org/10.21608/AJS.2019.12328.1021
Sánchez Zurano, A., Garrido Cárdenas, J. A., Gómez Serrano, C., Morales Amaral, M., Acién-Fernández, F. G., Fernández Sevilla, J. M., & Molina Grima, E. (2020). Year-long assessment of a pilot-scale thin-layer reactor for microalgae wastewater treatment. Variation in the microalgae-bacteria consortium and the impact of environmental conditions. Algal Research, 50, 101983. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.algal.2020.101983
Sharma, J., Kumar, V., Kumar, S. S., Malyan, S. K., Mathimani, T., Bishnoi, N. R., & Pugazhendhi, A. (2020). Microalgae consortia for municipal wastewater treatment – Lipid augmentation and fatty acid profiling for biodiesel production. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B, 202, 111638. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2019.111638
Shen, Y., Gao, J., & Li, L. (2017). Municipal wastewater treatment via co-immobilized microalgal-bacterial symbiosis: Microorganism growth and nutrients removal. Bioresource Technology, 243, 905–913. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2017.07.041
Shiny, K. J., Remani, K. N., Nirmala, E., Jalaja, T. K., & Sasidharan, V. K. (2005). Biotreatment of wastewater using aquatic invertebrates, Daphnia magna and Paramecium caudatum. Bioresource Technology, 96(1), 55–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2004.01.008
Singh, G., & Patidar, S. K. (2018). Microalgae harvesting techniques: A review. Journal of Environmental Management, 217, 499–508. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.04.010
Spolaore, P., Joannis-Cassan, C., Duran, E., & Isambert, A. (2006). Commercial applications of microalgae. Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering, 101(2), 87–96. https://doi.org/10.1263/jbb.101.87
Su, Y., Mennerich, A., & Urban, B. (2012). Synergistic cooperation between wastewater-born algae and activated sludge for wastewater treatment: Influence of algae and sludge inoculation ratios. Bioresource Technology, 105, 67–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2011.11.113
Tao, Q., Gao, F., Qian, C. Y., Guo, X. Z., Zheng, Z., & Yang, Z. H. (2017). Enhanced biomass/biofuel production and nutrient removal in an algal biofilm airlift photobioreactor. Algal Research, 21, 9–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.algal.2016.11.004
Taşkan, E. (2016). Performance of mixed algae for treatment of slaughterhouse wastewater and microbial community analysis. Environmental Science and Pollution Research International, 23(20), 20474–20482. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-7241-9
Ting, H., Haifeng, L., Shanshan, M., Zhang, Y., Zhidan, L., & Na, D. (2017). Progress in microalgae cultivation photobioreactors and applications in wastewater treatment: A review. International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, 10(1), 1–29.
Valev, D., Silva Santos, H., & Tyystjärvi, E. (2019). Stable wastewater treatment with Neochloris oleoabundans in a tubular photobioreactor. Journal of Applied Phycology, 32, 399–410. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-019-01890-x
Walls, L., Velasquez-Orta, S., Romero-Frasca, E., Leary, P., Yáñez Noguez, I., & Orta Ledesma, M. (2019). Non-sterile heterotrophic cultivation of native wastewater yeast and microalgae for integrated municipal wastewater treatment and bioethanol production. Biochemical Engineering Journal, 151, 107319. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bej.2019.107319
Wang, Y., Eustance, E., Castillo-Keller, M., & Sommerfeld, M. (2017). Evaluation of chemical treatments for control of ciliate grazers in algae cultures: A site study. Journal of Applied Phycology, 29, 2761–2770.
Wollmann, F., Dietze, S., Ackermann, J. U., Bley, T., Walther, T., Steingroewer, J., & Krujatz, F. (2019). Microalgae wastewater treatment: Biological and technological approaches. Engineering in Life Sciences, 19(12), 860–871. https://doi.org/10.1002/elsc.201900071
Wrede, D., Taha, M., Miranda, A. F., Kadali, K., Stevenson, T., Ball, A. S., & Mouradov, A. (2014). Co-cultivation of fungal and microalgae cells as an efficient system for harvesting microalgae cells, lipid production and wastewater treatment. PLoS One, 9(11), e113497. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0113497
**ong, W., Zhao, X., Zhu, G., Shao, C., Li, Y., Ma, W., Xu, X., & Tang, R. (2015). Silicification-induced cell aggregation for the sustainable production of H2 under aerobic conditions. Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in English), 54(41), 11961–11965. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201504634
Xue, F., Miao, J., Zhang, X., & Tan, T. (2010). A new strategy for lipid production by mix cultivation of Spirulina platensis and Rhodotorula glutinis. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 160(2), 498–503. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-008-8376-z
Yew, G. Y., Chew, K. W., Malek, M. A., Ho, Y. C., Chen, W. H., Ling, T. C., & Show, P. L. (2019). Hybrid liquid biphasic system for cell disruption and simultaneous lipid extraction from microalgae Chlorella sorokiniana CY-1 for biofuel production. Biotechnology for Biofuels, 12, 252. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13068-019-1591-8
Yu, J., Hu, H., Wu, X., Zhou, T., Liu, Y., Ruan, R., & Zheng, H. (2020). Coupling of biochar-mediated absorption and algal-bacterial system to enhance nutrients recovery from swine wastewater. Science of the Total Environment, 701, 134935. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134935
Zhang, B., Lens, P. N. L., Shi, W., Zhang, R., Zhang, Z., Guo, Y., Bao, X., & Cui, F. (2018). Enhancement of aerobic granulation and nutrient removal by an algal–bacterial consortium in a lab-scale photobioreactor. Chemical Engineering Journal, 334, 2373–2382. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2017.11.151
Zheng, S., Lee, V., Meza-Padilla, I., & Nissimov, J. I. (2023). Antiviral discovery in toxic cyanobacteria: Low hanging fruit in the age of pandemics. Journal of Phycology, 00, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpy.13425
Zhou, W., Cheng, Y., Li, Y., Wan, Y., Liu, Y., Lin, X., & Ruan, R. (2012). Novel fungal pelletization-assisted technology for algae harvesting and wastewater treatment. Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 167(2), 214–228. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-012-9667-y
Zhu, S., Qin, L., Feng, P., Shang, C., Wang, Z., & Yuan, Z. (2019). Treatment of low C/N ratio wastewater and biomass production using co-culture of Chlorella vulgaris and activated sludge in a batch photobioreactor. Bioresource Technology, 274, 313–320. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2018.10.034
Acknowledgements
To Universidad de las Américas Puebla for granting an academic scholarship. Thanks to Dr. Alejandro Arias del Razo and M.Sc. Jerónimo García Guzman for kindly providing the lichen photographs.
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Data Availability Statement
All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this chapter.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2024 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Meza-Padilla, I., Gomez-Gallegos, M.A., Sanchez-Salas, J.L. (2024). Microbial Interactions for Wastewater Treatment Focusing on Microalgae-Based Systems. In: Segovia-Hernandez, J.G., Ramírez-Corona, N., Aristizábal-Marulanda, V. (eds) Contributions of Chemical Engineering to Sustainability. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-55594-7_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-55594-7_5
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-031-55593-0
Online ISBN: 978-3-031-55594-7
eBook Packages: Chemistry and Materials ScienceChemistry and Material Science (R0)