Abstract
This research work focused at the connections between ground water quality and the healthiness associated with drinking of contaminated water in the Kodavanar River Basin. Totally sixty samples were collected from river basin to know various elements like pH, alkalinity, TH, TDS, EC, Fe, Na, Ca, Mg, K, HCO3, NO3, Cl, SO42, F, etc., to compare with WHO standard to measure the groundwater quality for domestic usage via entropy water quality index (EWQI). Based on EWQI it is observed that 50% of samples fell into the “good” class and 50% of samples fell into the poor class for consumption purpose. The results subjected into piper plot reveals that significant portion of the research field has the mixed Ca2+–Mg2+–Cl− water type during all seasons. The spatial exposure of nitrate contaminated groundwater in around 1576 km2 in all the seasons shows that 1502 and 986 km2 fell into the health risk zone for both children and adults correspondingly. Similarly, the spatial analysis of sum of dermal and oral exposure of fluoride-contaminated groundwater zone identified around 1390 km2 in all the seasons, which exposes 1401 km2 and 744 km2 identified health threat region for children and adults, respectively, in all the seasons like winter, summer, post-monsoon, and pre-monsoon. This study reveals the essentials for workable management of underground water in the region under study and advanced treatment methods such as reverse osmosis, membrane filtration techniques to be adopted to remediate the contaminated ground water in this area.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Adimalla N, Qian H (2019) Groundwater quality evaluation using water quality index (WQI) for drinking purposes and human health risk (HHR) assessment in an agricultural region of Nanganur, south India. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 176:153–161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.03.066
Adimalla N, Li P, Qian H (2018) Evaluation of groundwater contamination for fluoride and nitrate in semi-arid region of Nirmal Province, South India: a special emphasis on human health risk assessment (HHRA). Hum Ecol Risk Assess 25(5):1107–1124. https://doi.org/10.1080/10807039.2018.1460579
Aind DA, Malakar P, Sarkar S, Mukherjee A (2022) Controls on groundwater fluoride contamination in eastern parts of India: insights from unsaturated zone fluoride profiles and AI-based modelling. Water 14(20):3220. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14203220
Anandakumar S, Subramani T, Elango L (2008) Spatial variation and seasonal behaviour of rainfall pattern in Lower Bhavani River basin, Tamil Nadu, India. Ecoscan 2(1):17–24
Babuji P, Thirumalaisamy S, Duraisamy K, Periyasamy G (2023) Human health risks due to exposure to water pollution: a review. Water 15:2532. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15142532
Beyene G, Aberra D, Fufa F (2019) Evaluation of the suitability of groundwater for drinking and irrigation purposes in Jimma Zone of Oromia, Ethiopia. Groundw Sustain Dev. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsd.2019.100216
Department of International Development (DFID) (2001) Addressing the water crisis: healthier and more productive lives for poor people. Strategies for achieving the international development targets. Department of International Development, London
Gopinathan P, Nandini CV, Parthiban S, Sathish S, Singh AK, Singh PK (2020) A geo-spatial approach to perceive the groundwater regime of hard rock terrain—a case study from Morappur area, Dharmapuri district, South India. Groundw Sustain Dev 10:100316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsd.2019.100316
Gopinathan P, Singh AK, Singh PK, Jha M (2022) Sulphur in Jharia and Raniganj coalfields: Chemical fractionation and its environmental implications. Environ Res 204:112382. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2021.112382
Gopinathan P, Subramani T, Barbosa S, Divya Y (2023). Environmental impact and health risk assessment due to coal mining and utilization. Environ Geochem Health 45:6915–6922. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-023-01744-z
Hamzaoui-Azaza F, Ketata M, Bouhlila R, Gueddari M, Riberio L (2011) Hydrogeochemical characteristics and assessment of drinking water quality in Zeuss–Koutine aquifer, southeastern Tunisia. Environ Monit Assess 174:283–298. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-010-1457-9
Hema S, Subramani T, Elango L (2010) GIS study on vulnerability assessment of water quality in a part of Cauvery River. Int J Environ Sci 1(1):1–17
Ji Y, Wu J, Wang Y, Elumalai V, Subramani T (2020) Seasonal variation of drinking water quality and human health risk assessment in Hancheng City of Guanzhong Plain, China. Expo Health 12(3):469–485. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12403-020-00357-6
Karunanidhi D, Aravinthasamy P, Subramani T, Wu J, Srinivasamoorthy K (2019) Potential health risk assessment for fluoride and nitrate contamination in hard rock aquifers of Shanmuganadhi River basin, South India. Hum Ecol Risk Assess 25:250–270. https://doi.org/10.1080/10807039.2019.1568859
Kumar M, Ramanathan AL, Rao MS, Kumar B (2006) Identification and evaluation of hydrogeochemical processes in the groundwater environment of Delhi, India. Environ Geol 50:1025–1039
Kumari M, Rai SC (2020) Hydrogeochemical evaluation of groundwater quality for drinking and irrigation purposes using water quality index in semi arid region of India. J Geol Soc India 95:159–168
Li P, Wu J, Tian R, He S, He X, Xue C, Zhang K (2018) Geochemistry, hydraulic connectivity and quality appraisal of multilayered groundwater in the Hongdunzi Coal Mine, Northwest China. Mine Water Environ 37(2):222–237. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10230-017-0507-8
Li P, He X, Guo W (2019) Spatial groundwater quality and potential health risks due to nitrate ingestion through drinking water: a case study in Yan’an City on the Loess Plateau of northwest China. Hum Ecol Risk Assess 25(1–2):11–31. https://doi.org/10.1080/10807039.2018.1553612
Liu L, Wu J, He S, Wang L (2022) Occurrence and distribution of groundwater fluoride and manganese in the Weining Plain (China) and their probabilistic health risk quantification. Expo Health 14(2):263–279. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12403-021-00434-4
Mohamed I, Othman F, Ibrahim AIN, Alaa-Eldin ME, Yunus RM (2015) Assessment of water quality parameters using multivariate analysis for Klang River basin, Malaysia. Environ Monit Assess 187:4182
Srinivasamoorthy K, Nanthakumar C, Vasanthavigar M, Vijayaraghavan K, Rajivgandhi R, Chidambaram S, Vasudevan S (2011) Groundwater quality assessment from a hard rock terrain, Salem district of Tamil Nadu, India. Arab J Geosci 4:91–102
Subramani T, Anandakumar S, Kannan R, Elango L (2013a) Identification of major hydrogeochemical processes in a hard rock terrain by NETPATH modelling. Book Earth Resour Environ 29:365–370
Subramani T, Babu S, Elango L (2013b) Computation of groundwater resources and recharge in Chithar River Basin, South India. Environ Monit Assess 185(1):983–994. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-012-2608-y
Subramani T, Prabaharan S, Karunanidhi D (2015) Groundwater prospecting in a part of Tamirabarani River basin, South India using Remote Sensing and GIS. Indian J Geo-Mar Sci 44(9):1401–1408
Subramani T, Elango L, Damodarasamy SR (2005) Groundwater quality and its suitability for drinking and agricultural use in Chithar River Basin, Tamil Nadu, India. J Environ Geol 47:1099–1110. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00254-005-1243-0
Tadesse N, Bheemalingeswara K, Berhane A (2009) Groundwater suitability for irrigation: a case study from Debre Kidane Watershed, eastern Tigray, Ethiopia. MEJS 1:36–58
Thilagavathi N, Subramani T, Suresh M (2015) Land use/land cover change detection analysis in Salem Chalk Hills, South India using remote sensing and GIS. Disaster Adv 8(1):44–52
Tyagi S, Sharma B, Singh P, Dobhal R (2013) Water quality assessment in terms of water quality index. Am J Water Resour 1(3):34–38. https://doi.org/10.12691/ajwr-1-3-3
Vasanthavigar M, Srinivasamoorthy K, Vijayaragavan K, Rajiv GR, Chidambaram S, Anandhan P, Manivannan R, Vasudevan S (2010) Application of water quality index for groundwater quality assessment: Thirumanimuttar sub-basin, Tamil Nadu, India. Environ Monit Assess 171:595–609
Vennila G, Subramani T, Elango L (2008) GIS based groundwater quality assessment of Vattamalaikarai basin, Tamil Nadu, India. Nat Environ Pollut Technol 7(4):585–592
Wang Y, Li P (2022) Appraisal of shallow groundwater quality with human health risk assessment in different seasons in rural areas of the Guanzhong Plain (China). Environ Res 207:112210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2021.112210
Wang D, Wu J, Wang Y, Ji Y (2020) Finding high-quality groundwater resources to reduce the hydatidosis incidence in the Shiqu County of Sichuan Province, China: analysis, assessment, and management. Expo Health 12:307–322
Wang L, Li P, Duan R, He X (2022) Occurrence, controlling factors and health risks of Cr6+ in groundwater in the Guanzhong Basin of China. Expo Health 14(2):239–251. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12403-021-00410-y
Wei M, Wu J, Li W, Zhang Q, Su F, Wang Y (2022) Groundwater geochemistry and its impacts on groundwater arsenic enrichment, variation, and health risks in Yongning County, Yinchuan Plain of northwest China. Expo Health 14(2):219–238. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12403-021-00391-y
Xu P, Bian J, Li Y, Wu J, Sun X, Wang Y (2022) Characteristics of fluoride migration and enrichment in groundwater under the influence of natural background and anthropogenic activities. Environ Pollut 314. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120208
Zhang Y, Dai Y, Wang Y, Huang X, **ao Y, Pei Q (2021) Hydrochemistry, quality and potential health risk appraisal of nitrate enriched groundwater in the Nanchong area, southwestern China. Sci Total Environ 784. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147186
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Ethics declarations
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Ethical Approval
The authors confirm that appropriate ethics were adopted during the period of experimentation and documentation.
Consent to Publish
All the authors agree to publish this manuscript. There is no conflict of interest.
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2024 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Priya, N., Subramani, T., Karunanidhi, D., Gopinathan, P. (2024). Groundwater Fitness Evaluation in a Hard Rock Terrain: A Case Study from South India. In: Satheeshkumar, S., Thirukumaran, V., Karunanidhi, D. (eds) Modern River Science for Watershed Management. Water Science and Technology Library, vol 128. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-54704-1_22
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-54704-1_22
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-031-54703-4
Online ISBN: 978-3-031-54704-1
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0)