Abstract
The chapter establishes one of the theoretical founding stones of the book, presenting its proper theoretical contribution to the field. To start with, it addresses different forms of collective subject-holdership, including ‘national minorities’, intergenerational rights and other emblematic categories. It further takes major steps in what could be called a ‘categorisation’ or ‘scales of’ collectivisation of group rights, by way of measurement. It departs from the rationale that structural transformation is needed, possibly through group-specific or collective rights as proper legal constructs; such framework is to be juxtaposed with the State’s emphasis on the individual, as the most fundamental moral unit. The new framework could be seen as a response to sporadic affirmative action approaches, also carrying implications for locus standi such as the wielding of collective rights and dual standing rights. Scales of collectivisation broadly draw lines of demarcation between pro forma rights or formal equality and substantive change or genuinely inclusive rights which shall assist us in measuring the legal value of collective rights in contemporary orders comparatively. The following variables could be considered constituting as far as said scales of collectivisation are concerned, namely the ‘standardisation and mainstreaming of collective rights’, the ‘establishment of sui generis orders’, the ‘constitutionalisation’ of rights, and the ‘institutional mainstreaming of collective rights’. Attention shall also be paid to the ‘integrity of human rights’ in such processes and for the different ‘levels of autonomy and leverage relative to the State’ to be considered.
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Notes
- 1.
Tully (2008).
- 2.
Alexy (2018).
- 3.
- 4.
Alexy (2018).
- 5.
Jovanović (2012).
- 6.
Ibid.
- 7.
- 8.
Cassese (2012).
- 9.
- 10.
- 11.
- 12.
Jovanović (2012), pp. 105–108.
- 13.
- 14.
Buchanan (1993), p. 94.
- 15.
Jovanović (2012).
- 16.
Wenzel (2011), para. 3.
- 17.
- 18.
Jones (2016).
- 19.
Ibid.; p. 2.
- 20.
Ibid.
Galenkamp (1993).
- 21.
Jones (2016).
- 22.
Galenkamp (1993).
- 23.
Jones (2016).
- 24.
Ibid.
- 25.
See, for instance, Kirsty Gover’s work.
See also the following case-law: Sandra Lovelace vs. Canada, UN Human Rights Committee in 1979; Kitok vs. Sweden, UN Human Rights Committee in 1988; Individual Opinion of Olivier de Frouville in Sanila-Aikio vs. Finland, UN Human Rights Committee in 2018; Käkkäläjärvi vs. Finland, UN Human Rights Committee in 2017.
- 26.
Wenzel (2011).
- 27.
Freeman (1995), p. 26.
- 28.
Ibid.; p. 26.
- 29.
Ibid.; p. 27.
- 30.
- 31.
- 32.
- 33.
Kymlicka (1995).
- 34.
Ibid.
- 35.
Ibid.
- 36.
- 37.
Council of Europe (1995) Explanatory Report to the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities, para.37.
See also Jovanović (2012).
- 38.
Ibid.; para.37.
- 39.
Koivurova (2013).
Könkämä and 38 other Sámi villages vs. Sweden, European Court of Human Rights in 1996; Johtti Sapmelaccat Ry. and others vs. Finland, European Court of Human Rights in 2005.
- 40.
Forde (2022).
- 41.
For a comparative analysis on the matter, see: Ҫali and Demir-Gürsel (2021).
- 42.
Demir-Gürsel (2021).
- 43.
Donald and Speck (2021).
- 44.
Oršuš and Others vs. Croatia, European Court of Human Rights in 2010.
- 45.
Chapman vs. the United Kingdom, European Court of Human Rights in 2001.
- 46.
Catan and Others vs. the Republic of Moldova and Russia, European Court of Human Rights in 2012.
- 47.
Tomuschat (2014).
- 48.
Jones (1999b).
- 49.
Aguilera Bravo (2023), p. 240.
- 50.
The Escazú Agreement carries the official name ‘Regional Agreement on Access to Information, Public Participation and Access to Justice in Environmental Matters in Latin America and the Caribbean’, adopted in Escazú, Costa Rica, in 2018.
- 51.
Ibid.; p. 240.
- 52.
Ibid.
- 53.
Buys and Lewis (2021), p. 963.
- 54.
Francioni (2010), p. 41.
- 55.
Buys and Lewis (2021).
- 56.
- 57.
See, for instance, Alston (1982).
- 58.
Jones (1999b), p. 96.
- 59.
Ibid.
- 60.
Ibid.
- 61.
Jovanović (2012), p. 131.
- 62.
Kymlicka (1995).
- 63.
Jovanović (2012), p. 59.
- 64.
Ibid.; p. 59.
- 65.
- 66.
Ibid.; p. 60.
Heinze (1999), p. 34.
- 67.
Jovanović (2012), p. 62.
- 68.
- 69.
Jovanović (2012), p. 129.
- 70.
- 71.
- 72.
Brown Weiss (2021), para. 1.
- 73.
- 74.
Winter (2022), p. 135.
- 75.
Ibid.
- 76.
Case of the Kichwa Indigenous People of Sarayaku vs. Ecuador, Inter-American Court of Human Rights in 2012.
Case of the Indigenous Communities of the Lhaka Honhat (Our Land) Association vs. Argentina, Inter-American Court of Human Rights in 2020.
- 77.
Winter (2022), p. 139.
UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, art.34.
- 78.
Inter-American Court of Human Rights (2017) Advisory Opinion OC-23/17; Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (1997) Report on the Situation of Human Rights in Ecuador.
- 79.
Cho et al. (2013), p. 787.
- 80.
Davis (2008), p. 68.
- 81.
Atrey (2019), p. 41.
See also: Brink vs. Kitshoff NO. Constitutional Court of South Africa in 1996.
- 82.
- 83.
Hankivsky and Jordan-Zachery (2019).
- 84.
Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women (2015) General Comment N° 33 on Women’s Access to Justice.
- 85.
Cecilia Kell vs. Canada, UN Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women in 2012.
UN Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women (2013) General Comment N°30 on Women in Conflict Prevention, Conflict and Post-Conflict Situations.
UN Committee on the Rights of the Child (2006) General Comment N°9: The Rights of Children with Disabilities.
- 86.
UN Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (2016) General Comment N°3 on Women and Girls with Disabilities.
- 87.
UN Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (2018) General Comment N°6 on Equality and Non-Discrimination.
- 88.
Bourke Martignoni (2018), p. 143.
- 89.
- 90.
Góngora Mera (2020).
- 91.
- 92.
Muir and de Witte (2017).
- 93.
Krizsan et al. (2012a), p. 1.
- 94.
Ibid.
- 95.
Ibid.
Squires (2008).
- 96.
Krizsan et al. (2012a), p. 6.
- 97.
See, for instance, Kymlicka’s, Shachar‘s, Taylor’s or Benhabib’s work on the matter.
- 98.
Sieder and Sierra (2010).
- 99.
Kuokkanen (2012).
- 100.
Rivera Cusicanqui (2012).
- 101.
Wing (2008).
- 102.
Stoljar (2018).
- 103.
At relevant sessions convened by the Expert Mechanism on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (EMRIP) and other international mechanisms, land, resource and participatory rights come to the fore on a very frequent basis, resulting in studies and other efforts to draw States’ attention to the situation, see e.g. EMRIP’s 2019 session “Indigenous peoples’ rights in the context of borders, migration and displacement” or EMRIPs series of studies on participation and decision-making (issued in 2012).
- 104.
YATAMA vs. Nicaragua, Inter-American Court of Human Rights in 2005, para.227.
- 105.
Ibid.; para.225.
- 106.
- 107.
- 108.
- 109.
Hirsch (1999).
- 110.
Gorzelik and Others vs. Poland, European Court of Human Rights in 2004.
see also Sidiropoulos and Others vs. Greece, European Court of Human Rights in 1998; United Communist Party of Turkey and Others vs. Turkey, European Court of Human Rights in 1998; Socialist Party and Others vs. Turkey, European Court of Human Rights in 1998; Refah Partisi (the Welfare Party) and Others vs. Turkey, European Court of Human Rights in 2003.
- 111.
Gorzelik and Others vs. Poland, European Court of Human Rights in 2004, para.90.
See also Young, James and Webster vs. the United Kingdom, European Court of Human Rights in 1982; Chassagnou and Others vs. France, European Court of Human Rights in 1999, para.112.
- 112.
Gorzelik and Others vs. Poland, European Court of Human Rights in 2004, para.92.
- 113.
Ibid.; para.93.
- 114.
Lawrence and Mörkenstam (2016).
- 115.
Eichler and Barnier-Khawam (2022).
- 116.
Barrera (2012).
- 117.
Stojanović (2013).
- 118.
Ibid., p. 126.
For an in-depth debate on the concept, feel free to revise Frank Ankersmit’s work.
- 119.
Ibid.
- 120.
Ibid.; p. 129.
See also Soa Näsström’s work on the ‘non-ressemblance’ aspect which guides the present theoretical approach on representative democracies.
- 121.
Freeman (1995), p. 25.
- 122.
Dinstein (1976).
- 123.
Jovanović (2012).
- 124.
Dinstein (1976).
- 125.
- 126.
Sanders (1991).
- 127.
Jones (2016).
- 128.
Freeman (1995), p. 26.
- 129.
Sanders (1991), p. 370.
- 130.
Buchanan (1993).
- 131.
Jovanović (2012).
- 132.
See e.g. Rae (2006).
- 133.
See, for further debates, Schmahl (2021).
- 134.
Phelan (2012).
- 135.
De Witte (2012).
- 136.
Boşilcă (2014).
- 137.
De Schutter (2018).
- 138.
Cats-Baril (2020).
- 139.
- 140.
- 141.
Burger (2012).
- 142.
for further debates, see Clavero (2008) Nota sobre el Alcance del Mandato Contenido en el Artículo 42 de la Declaración sobre los Derechos de los Pueblos Indígenas y el Mejor Modo de Satisfacerlo por Parte del Foro Permanente para las Cuestiones Indígenas.
- 143.
Stojanović (2013).
- 144.
Expert Mechanism on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (2011) Final Study on Indigenous Peoples and the Right to Participate in Decision-Making.
- 145.
Van Cott (2007).
- 146.
Barrera (2012).
- 147.
See also Yupsanis (2012).
- 148.
Yupsanis (2014).
- 149.
Jovanović (2012).
- 150.
Case of the Kichwa Indigenous People of Sarayaku vs. Ecuador, Inter-American Court of Human Rights in 2012.
- 151.
Smet (2017).
- 152.
- 153.
Blichner and Molander (2008), p. 36.
- 154.
Papendorf (2018), p. 290.
- 155.
Loick (2019).
- 156.
Ibid.; p. 210.
- 157.
Hensel and Klippel (2015), p. 1.
- 158.
Niezen (2010), p. 218.
- 159.
Ibid.; para.3.
- 160.
Cane and Conaghan (2009).
- 161.
Papendorf (2018), p. 287.
- 162.
Sieder (2020), p. 701.
- 163.
Kirsch (2012), p. 24.
- 164.
Charters and Stavenhagen (2012).
- 165.
Sieder (2010), p. 163.
- 166.
- 167.
Koskenniemi (2010).
- 168.
Ibid.
- 169.
See also ‘intersectionality’ or ‘intersectional discrimination’ for further insights e.g. Atrey and Dunne (2019).
- 170.
Bacchi and Eveline (2010).
- 171.
Committee on the Rights of the Child (2009) General Comment N° 11 Indigenous Children and their Rights under the Convention, para.16.
- 172.
Harris-Short and Tobin (2019), p. 1171.
- 173.
Schmahl (2021), p. 414.
- 174.
Committee on the Rights of the Child (2009) General Comment N° 11 Indigenous Children and their Rights under the Convention, para.30.
More precisely, when assessing the best interests of an indigenous child, “they [State authorities] should consider the cultural rights of the indigenous child and his or her need to exercise such rights collectively with members of their group” (para.31).
- 175.
Harris-Short and Tobin (2019), p. 1171.
- 176.
Committee on the Rights of the Child (2009) General Comment N° 11 Indigenous Children and their Rights under the Convention, para.31.
Where conflicts arise between the best interests of the child and the group, the “best interests of the specific child is the primary concern” (para.32)—however, the Committee also notes in that regard, “considering the collective cultural rights of the child is part of determining the child’s best interests”(para.32).
- 177.
Consider, for instance, the following soft law instruments in the field of collective rights: the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (2007), the UN Declaration on the Rights of Persons Belonging to National or Ethnic, Religious and Linguistic Minorities (1992), the UN Declaration on the Rights of Peasants and Other People Working in Rural Areas (2018), the UN Declaration on the Right to Development (1986), the UN Declaration on the Right of Peoples to Peace (1984).
In relation to indigenous peoples, see the following work: Gómez Isa (2016).
- 178.
- 179.
See, for instance, Charters and Stavenhagen (2012).
- 180.
Also known as ‘lex specialis derogat legi generali’ (special law repeals general laws), in other words, a “principle according to which a rule of lex specialis is deemed to apply notwithstanding contrary general principles of international law” Fellmeth and Horwitz (2009).
- 181.
- 182.
Burger and Martín Castro (2006).
- 183.
See, for instance, Lightfoot (2016).
- 184.
For a critical reading of these international legal developments, see, for instance, Watson (2018a).
- 185.
Phelan (2012), p. 367.
- 186.
De Witte (2012), p. 20.
- 187.
Peročević (2017), p. 110.
- 188.
Ibid.; p. 114.
- 189.
Phelan (2012).
- 190.
Martins and Tybusch (2016).
- 191.
Ibid.; p. 380.
- 192.
Rodríguez (2016), p. 206.
- 193.
Amao (2019).
- 194.
Home (2019), p. 320.
- 195.
Ibid.; pp. 319–320.
- 196.
Ibid.; p. 320.
- 197.
See, for instance, Búrca (2012).
- 198.
- 199.
De Schutter (2018), p. 18.
- 200.
Ibid.
- 201.
Sákéj and Henderson (2002), pp. 414–416.
- 202.
Ibid.; p. 425.
- 203.
Ibid.
- 204.
Riley (2019), p. 439.
- 205.
Practical Law - Westlaw (2023) Sui Generis. Practical Law, para.1. Retrieved from https://content.next.westlaw.com/practical-law/document/Ib2b7b8c69bb111e698dc8b09b4f043e0/Sui-Generis?viewType=FullText&transitionType=Default&contextData=(sc.Default)#:~:text=A%20Latin%20term%20meaning%20%22of,not%20be%20of%20broader%20application.
- 206.
Centre for Constitutional Studies / Centre d’études constitutionnelles (2019) Sui Generis. Retrieved from https://www.constitutionalstudies.ca/2019/07/sui-generis/ para.1.
- 207.
Borrows and Rotman (1997), p. 10.
- 208.
Centre for Constitutional Studies / Centre d’études constitutionnelles (2019) Sui Generis.
- 209.
Ibid.
- 210.
Bens (2020).
See e.g. Delgamuukw vs. British Columbia, Canadian Supreme Court in 1997.
- 211.
Thornhill et al. (2018), p. 8.
- 212.
Ibid.; p. 8.
- 213.
Bens (2020).
- 214.
Besson (2011), para.1.
- 215.
Ibid.
Roth (2011).
- 216.
Shrinkhal (2021), p. 74.
- 217.
Lenzerini (2006).
- 218.
MacCormick (1999).
- 219.
Lindahl (2001).
- 220.
Sousa Santos (1987).
- 221.
Nursoo (2018).
- 222.
- 223.
Loughlin (2010).
- 224.
Kleinlein (2012), p. 703.
- 225.
Peters (2019).
- 226.
See, for instance, Watson (2018a).
- 227.
See, for instance, Charters and Stavenhagen (2012).
- 228.
On global constitutionalism, see, for instance, Lang and Wiener (2017).
- 229.
Craig and de Búrca (2015).
- 230.
Góngora-Mera (2017), p. 240.
- 231.
Ibid.
See also: Hoyos (1992).
- 232.
Góngora-Mera (2017).
- 233.
Yrigoyen Fajardo (2016).
- 234.
See e.g. Aguilera Bravo (2021).
- 235.
- 236.
- 237.
Besson (2015).
- 238.
Búrca (2012).
- 239.
- 240.
Klabbers (2009), p. 18.
- 241.
Ulfstein (2009).
- 242.
Kleinlein (2012).
- 243.
Shyllon (2016).
- 244.
Ibid.
- 245.
Ibid.
- 246.
Zucca (2016), p. 40.
- 247.
Ibid.; p. 47.
- 248.
Basta Fleiner and Gaudreault-DesBiens (2013), p. 146.
- 249.
Ibid.; p. 153.
- 250.
Dersso and Palermo (2013), p. 171.
- 251.
Spiliopoulou Åkermark (1996).
- 252.
Uprimny (2016), p. 95.
- 253.
Ibid.; p. 94.
- 254.
Ibid.; p. 94.
- 255.
Kymlicka and Norman (1994).
- 256.
Uprimny (2016), p. 95.
- 257.
Sieder (2016), p. 143.
- 258.
Ibid.; p. 143.
- 259.
Respectively, collective rights include, to name a few, the right to maintain, develop and strengthen their identity, affiliation, ancestral traditions and forms of social organisation; the right not to be subjected to racism or any other form of discrimination based on their origin, ethnic or cultural identity; the recognition, reparation and redress granted to those communities that are affected by racism, xenophobia and other related forms of intolerance and discrimination…
- 260.
Grupo de trabajo sobre derechos humanos y derechos colectivos (CONAIE—Fundación Tukui Shimi) (2009) Derechos Colectivos de los Pueblos y Nacionalidades: Evaluación de una Década 1998–2008, p. 12.
- 261.
- 262.
- 263.
- 264.
Monteiro de Matos (2020).
- 265.
- 266.
See e.g. Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (2023) Personas defensoras del medio ambiente: Norte de Centroamérica; Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (2021) Basic Guidelines for Investigating Crimes against Human Rights Defenders in the Northern Triangle; Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (2017) Integral Protection Policies for Human Rights Defenders; Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (2015) Criminalization of Human Rights Defenders.
- 267.
- 268.
- 269.
Acosta (2017).
- 270.
- 271.
Gover (2020a).
- 272.
Sousa Santos and Meneses (2023), p. 269.
- 273.
Ibid.; p. 269.
- 274.
Sousa Santos and Meneses (2023), p. 152.
- 275.
Ibid.; p. 522.
- 276.
Ibid.; p. 522.
See also Orellana (2004).
- 277.
- 278.
More precisely, preambular paragraph 15, UNDRIPS, stipulates: “Acknowledging that the Charter of the United Nations, the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, as well as the Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action, affirm the fundamental importance of the right to self-determination of all peoples, by virtue of which they freely determine their political status and freely pursue their economic, social and cultural development”.
- 279.
See, for instance, Gómez Isa (2016).
- 280.
- 281.
Burger and Martín Castro (2006), p. 109.
- 282.
Alemahu Yeshanew (2014), p. 372.
- 283.
Ibid.; p. 372.
- 284.
Hunt (2015), para.1.
Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (2023) Mainstreaming human rights. Retrieved from https://www.ohchr.org/en/mainstreaming-human-rights.
- 285.
Hunt (2015), para.2.
- 286.
Oberleitner (2008), p. 359.
- 287.
Ibid.
- 288.
Ibid.
- 289.
UN Secretary General (1997) Strengthening of the United Nations: An Agenda for Further Change, para.45.
- 290.
Alemahu Yeshanew (2014).
- 291.
Ibid.
- 292.
See, for instance, Goodale and Engle Merry (2003).
- 293.
Olawuyi (2013), p. 216.
- 294.
Ibid.; p. 221.
- 295.
Ibid.; p. 220.
See also Blackburn (1999).
- 296.
see, for instance, McCrudden (2005).
- 297.
Olawuyi (2013), p. 224.
- 298.
Koskenniemi (2010).
- 299.
Ibid.; p. 48.
- 300.
Ibid.; p. 48.
see also Waldron (2005).
- 301.
Koskenniemi (2010), p. 48.
- 302.
- 303.
Koskenniemi (2010), p. 54.
- 304.
Ibid.; p. 54.
- 305.
Ibid.; p. 54.
- 306.
Greer (2017).
- 307.
See e.g. Ҫali, and Demir-Gürsel (2021).
- 308.
Kymlicka (2012), p. 178.
- 309.
Greer (2017).
- 310.
Greer (2000).
- 311.
Kratochvíl (2011).
- 312.
Akerø-Stueland (2021), para.1.
- 313.
Arai-Takahashi (2013), p. 96.
- 314.
Ibid., p. 96.
Brauch (2005).
- 315.
Arai-Takahashi (2013), p. 96.
- 316.
Greer (2000), p. 18.
- 317.
Přibáň (2017), p. 92.
- 318.
It has been maintained that in “determining the margin of appreciation (…) the ECtHR may, if appropriate, have regard to any consensus and common values emerging from the state practices of the parties to the ECHR”.
McGoldrick (2017), p. 152.
- 319.
Akerø-Stueland (2021), para.5.
- 320.
Letsas (2006).
- 321.
- 322.
Greer (2017).
- 323.
Jovanović (2012).
- 324.
Korkeakivi (2018).
- 325.
Ibid.; p. 39.
- 326.
Ibid.
- 327.
Ibid.
- 328.
See, for instance, Tomuschat (2014).
- 329.
UN General Assembly (1986) Resolution 41/120 Setting international standards in the field of human rights.
- 330.
For such instruments to „(a) be consistent with the existing body of international human rights law; (b) be of fundamental character and derive from the inherent dignity and worth of the human person; (c) be sufficiently precise to give rise to identifiable and practicable rights and obligations; (d) provide, where appropriate, realistic and effective implementation machinery, including reporting systems; (e) attract broad international support”.
- 331.
See also arts. 41 and 42 UNDRIPS and Bartolomé Clavero’s work on the matter.
- 332.
See, for instance, Craig and de Búrca (2015).
- 333.
See, for instance, Góngora-Mera (2017).
- 334.
Shaw (2008), p. 131.
- 335.
Ibid.
- 336.
Ibid.; p. 131.
- 337.
Ibid.
- 338.
See, for instance, European Commission for Democracy through Law (Venice Commission) (2014) Report on the Implementation of International Human Rights Treaties in Domestic Law and the Role of Courts.
- 339.
Mutua (2016).
- 340.
Vasak (1977).
- 341.
Mutua (2016), p. 10.
- 342.
Ibid.; p. 11.
- 343.
Golder (2019), p. 28.
- 344.
Ibid.; p. 28.
- 345.
Ibid.; p. 33.
See also Butler (2004).
- 346.
See, for instance, Xanthaki (2016).
- 347.
- 348.
See e.g. Onazi (2022).
See also Alberto Acosta’s, Edoardo Gudynas’ and Pablo Solón’s work on the matter.
- 349.
See, e.g., Bexell et al. (2023).
- 350.
See, e.g., Bilchitz and Deva (2013).
- 351.
See e.g. David (2018).
- 352.
Ouald-Chaib (2018), p. 7.
For more details, see: Inman et al. (2018).
Similar observations have been made in the case of the Yogyakarta Principles on the Application of Human Rights Law in Relation to Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity, see the following work for a detailed engagement: Bribosia and Rorive (2018).
- 353.
Ouald-Chaib (2018).
- 354.
Ibid.; p. 7.
- 355.
Van Drooghenbroeck and Van der Noot (2018).
- 356.
Ouald-Chaib (2018), p. 10.
- 357.
Brems (2018).
- 358.
Ouald-Chaib (2018), p. 11.
See, for more details, Brems (2018).
An interesting debate of judicial dialogue in the case of human rights integration in the European region is given by the following chapter: Krommendijk (2018).
Human rights integration similarly plays a role in the African human and peoples’ rights order as explored in the following work: Rachovitsa (2018).
- 359.
Brems (2014).
- 360.
De Schutter (2018).
- 361.
- 362.
Westra (2011), p. 207.
- 363.
Ibid. p. 56.
Cassese (2005).
- 364.
Westra (2011), p. 68.
- 365.
Westra (2011), p. 230.
- 366.
- 367.
Westra (2011).
- 368.
Tomuschat (2014), p. 153.
- 369.
Westra (2011), p. 223.
- 370.
Case of the Indigenous Communities of the Lhaka Honhat (Our Land) Association vs. Argentina, Inter-American Court of Human Rights in 2020.
- 371.
See e.g. Aguilera Bravo (2023).
- 372.
Buys and Lewis (2021), p. 966.
- 373.
Francioni (2010), p. 55.
- 374.
Lambert (2020).
- 375.
Ibid.
- 376.
For a comprehensive overview of environmental protection at constitutional level generally, see: Morand-Deviller (2014).
- 377.
Décision N° 2022–843, Conseil Constitutionnel in 2022.
- 378.
- 379.
Murray (2019), p. 554.
African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights vs. Republic of Kenya, African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights in 2017.
- 380.
Murray (2019).
- 381.
Ibid.; p. 550.
- 382.
Ibid.; p. 555.
- 383.
Ibid.; p. 556.
SERAP vs. Federal Republic of Nigeria, ECOWAS Court of Justice in 2012.
- 384.
Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (2009) Indigenous and Tribal Peoples’ over their Ancestral Lands and Natural Resources, para.197.
- 385.
Advisory Opinion OC 23/17 requested by the Republic of Colombia, Inter-American Court of Human Rights in 2017, para.203.
- 386.
Mayagna (Sumo) Awas Tingni Community vs. Nicaragua, Inter-American Court of Human Rights in 2001, para.149.
- 387.
Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (2010) Report on the Situation of Human Rights in Ecuador, para. Fourth concluding paragraph.
- 388.
Monteiro de Matos (2020).
- 389.
See e.g. Tuhiwai Smith (2012).
- 390.
- 391.
To get a more comprehensive view on these questions, see the travaux préparatoires of relevant treaties and declarations, most essentially ILO C107, ILO C169 and UNDRIPS.
- 392.
- 393.
- 394.
Sousa Santos (2013).
- 395.
Mbembe (2010).
- 396.
- 397.
This is the case for procedural participatory rights in particular, including the right to prior consultation and free, prior and informed consent.
- 398.
Watson (2018a).
- 399.
Hirsch (2003).
- 400.
See e.g. Gover (2020b).
- 401.
- 402.
Eichler and Barnier-Khawam (2022).
- 403.
Corntassel and Witmer (2008), p. 5.
- 404.
Ibid.; p. 4.
- 405.
Ibid, p. 4.
See more particularly: Spilde (1999).
- 406.
- 407.
Case of YATAMA vs. Nicaragua, Inter-American Court of Human Rights in 2005, para.227.
- 408.
Ibid.; para.225.
- 409.
Barrera (2012).
- 410.
Stojanović (2013).
- 411.
Clapham (2015), p. 12.
- 412.
Frezzo (2019), pp. 181–182.
- 413.
Ibid.; p. 182.
For more details, see Ishay (2008).
- 414.
Wahl (2019).
- 415.
Ibid.; p. 5.
- 416.
- 417.
Hoover (2019).
- 418.
Tomuschat (2014).
- 419.
Golder (2019).
- 420.
Butler (2000), p. 35.
- 421.
Merry (2006).
- 422.
- 423.
Gibney (2016).
- 424.
- 425.
Whelan (2010), p. 4.
- 426.
Ibid.; p. 4.
- 427.
Ibid.; p. 5.
- 428.
Ibid.; p. 6.
- 429.
Clavero (2008) Nota sobre el Alcance del Mandato Contenido en el Artículo 42 de la Declaración sobre los Derechos de los Pueblos Indígenas.
See also: Roy (forthcoming).
- 430.
Whelan (2010).
- 431.
- 432.
Whelan (2010).
- 433.
Neves-Silva et al. (2019).
- 434.
Ibid.
- 435.
Whelan (2010), p. 2.
- 436.
Ibid.; p. 2.
See also Morsink (1999).
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Eichler, J. (2024). Collective Subject-Holdership, Processes and Scales of Collectivisation. In: An Interdisciplinary Journey from Non-Discrimination to Collective Rights . Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-54618-1_7
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