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Tropical Dry Forests in Multifunctional Landscapes: Agroforestry Systems for Conservation and Livelihoods

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Integrating Landscapes: Agroforestry for Biodiversity Conservation and Food Sovereignty

Part of the book series: Advances in Agroforestry ((ADAG,volume 14))

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Abstract

Conservation and restoration of dry tropical forests is a high priority because they are becoming increasingly rare and contain many endemic and economically valuable species. At the same time, humanity’s increasing demand for food and fuel puts pressure on ecosystems around the world. Effective strategies are urgently needed to balance biodiversity conservation and agricultural production. One potential strategy is to increase food production per unit area (yield) on existing farmland, so as to minimize farmland area and to spare land for habitat conservation or restoration. However, achieving a sustainable future for agriculture will involve more than just intensifying production. Instead, it is necessary to take a more holistic view of a problem that encompasses the need for improved soil fertility and health; reduced risk of pests, diseases, and weed outbreaks; improved rural and urban livelihoods; increased climate change resiliency; and opportunities for economic growth. This chapter provides a series of successful experiences in tropical dry regions of Latin America where productive agriculture achieves food security, biodiversity conservation, and climate change resiliency using appropriate agricultural practices that support functioning agroecosystems. The case studies presented here range from traditional homegardens and silvopastures of smallholder farmers to intensive silvopastoral and taungya systems of large landholders in dry regions of Latin America. This chapter ends by exposing the opportunities and challenges of adopting agroforestry systems in Latin America. The conversion of degraded, simplified production systems to diverse, agroecological, resilient systems is challenging, and the scaling-up of these systems will require a combination of scientific and technological innovation, policy, economic, and market incentives tailored to different scales.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    As defined by the United Nations Climate Change Secretariat, land use, land use change, and forestry (LULUCF) is “A greenhouse gas inventory sector that covers emissions and removals of greenhouse gases resulting from direct human-induced land use, land-use change and forestry activities.”

  2. 2.

    According to Ashton and Kelty (2017), the traditional system of agriculture used originally across both temperate and tropical forest climates is called swidden agriculture, or shifting cultivation. It has been derogatorily termed “slash and burn.” The natural forest vegetation is cut and burned, a crop such as maize or beans is grown for two or three cycles, and then the area is left fallow. Forest vegetation is allowed to develop, and soil nutrient stocks build up from atmospheric inputs, or in the case of nitrogen, from biological fixation. The native populations of soil organisms recover, and insects, fungi, and other pest species decline with the absence of their crop hosts. The develo** tree canopy also shades out agricultural weeds. Food is grown on alternate plots until the fallow site has been restored to a condition suitable for clearing and crop** again. The ratio of fallow period to crop** period that is needed on a site varies with climate and soil conditions, but is frequently on the order of 10:1 (Ramakrishnan et al. 1992; Cairns and Garrity 1999). Thus, this system requires a good deal of land.

  3. 3.

    Currently, there are 11 countries, 3 states, and 4 NGOs participating in the Initiative 20×20, committing a total of about 27.7 million hectares to place into restoration by 2020. The countries include Chile, Argentina, Brazil, Ecuador, Peru, Colombia, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Honduras, El Salvador, Guatemala, and Mexico.

  4. 4.

    Local average productivity of meat is 74 kg ha−1 year−1, and the Latin American average is 19.9 kg ha−1 year−1 (Mahecha et al. 2002).

  5. 5.

    In this region mature cheeses have geographical designation of origin (Cotija cheese type) greatly appreciated in local markets.

  6. 6.

    The establishment and maintenance of pastures with electric fencing, rotational grazing, livestock water supply, irrigation, and fertilization is the most appropriate comparison because it’s the closer option to the stocking density and productivity in meat or milk of the ISS.

  7. 7.

    A common practice of smallholder farmers in the dry regions of Honduras and Nicaragua is to manage their land on a cyclical basis: alternating between periods of food crop production, cattle grazing, and fallow to recuperate degraded land.

  8. 8.

    Each landscape comprising an area of approximately 12,000 ha.

  9. 9.

    PRORENA (Proyecto de Reforestación con Especias Nativas), a research initiative of Yale University and the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (STRI) to examine ways to more effectively approach Panama’s reforestation process.

  10. 10.

    The total volume of wood is estimated to be 30% lower than in conventional plantations, but this reduction is offset by the increased price of timber at final harvest. In SPS, thinning and pruning are designed to maximize diameters above 30 cm, increasing the volume of high-priced timber by 50% (Esquivel et al. 2010).

  11. 11.

    In regions with a well-developed timber industry and market of value-added wood, this increase would be greater (Colcombet et al. 2009).

  12. 12.

    Cajanus cajan is a shrubby species whose beans are frequently used in Latin America for food, while the leaves and branches can be used as green manure. A few studies have shown that when planted with forest tree seedlings, it increases tree survival and growth compared with planting trees alone (Silva 2002; Beltrame and Rodrigues 2007).

  13. 13.

    Haiti remains the poorest country in the Americas and one of the poorest in the world (with a GDP per capita of US$846 in 2014) (World Bank 2016).

  14. 14.

    Phenology of trees, in terms of when they provide shade as well as fodder from leaves and pods or fruits, is of critical importance in the design of appropriate mixtures of species in silvopastoral systems.

  15. 15.

    This project was designed to test whether Payment for Environmental Services (PES) is an appropriate tool to promote the transition from conventional cattle ranching to silvopastoral systems. Funded by The Global Environment Facility and administered by the World Bank, the project took place between 2002 and 2007 in three regions of Colombia, Costa Rica, and Nicaragua.

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    Irene Montes-Londoño

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Montes-Londoño, I. (2024). Tropical Dry Forests in Multifunctional Landscapes: Agroforestry Systems for Conservation and Livelihoods. In: Montagnini, F. (eds) Integrating Landscapes: Agroforestry for Biodiversity Conservation and Food Sovereignty. Advances in Agroforestry, vol 14. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-54270-1_5

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