Exercise and Nutrition: Metabolic Partners in Epigenetic Regulation

Juan, Ciara G.; Matchett, Kyle B.; Davison, Gareth W.

doi:10.1007/978-3-031-54215-2_9

Ciara G. Juan⁴,
Kyle B. Matchett⁴ &
Gareth W. Davison⁴

Part of the book series: Epigenetics and Human Health ((EHH,volume 12))

77 Accesses
2 Altmetric

Abstract

Metabolism fuels epigenetic processes, which, in turn, regulate metabolism by translating environmental stimuli into adaptations. Metabolic networks sense changes in energy and reduction-oxidation (redox) balance, making diet and exercise powerful tools in modulating the epigenome. High nutrient availability, for example, augments acetyl-CoA and methionine required for acetylation and methylation, while low nutrient availability or increased energy expenditure can reverse these processes. While diet provides the building blocks for epigenetic changes, exercise maintains redox signalling and homeostasis during nutrient conversion, deficiency, and excess. Exercise on its own can modify DNA packaging and microRNAs, effectively activating genes involved in metabolism, while silencing selective genes involved in disease. Exercise can also restore the circadian rhythm that regulates metabolism. Diet and exercise converge on the same metabolic pathways—nutraceuticals can mimic exercise, and supplementation with dietary metabolites can support exercise adaptations and alter the epigenome. In this chapter, we discuss the interaction between dietary components and exercise and illustrate the molecular pathways linking metabolism and epigenetic modifications. We review recent human trials on exercise and dietary interventions, and their immediate and chronic effects on DNA, histone and non-histone proteins, and gene expression, focusing on the most studied epigenetic modifications.

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Abbreviations

5-MTHF:: 5-methyltetrahydrofolate
Ac:: Acetyl group
Acetyl-CoA :: Acetyl coenzyme A
AceCS1 :: Acetyl-CoA synthetase 1
AKG :: Alpha-ketoglutarate
AMP :: Adenosine monophosphate
AMPK :: AMP-activated protein kinase
ATP :: Adenosine triphosphate
BAIBA :: β-aminoisobutyric acid
BDNF :: Brain-derived neurotrophic factor
BHMT :: Betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase
BMAL1 :: Brain and muscle Arnt-like protein-1
βOHB :: β-hydroxybutyrate
cAMP :: Cyclic AMP
CaM :: Calmodulin
CaMKII:: Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II
CLOCK :: Circadian locomotor output cycles kaput
DHA :: Dehydroascorbic acid
DNMTs :: DNA methyltransferases
EDN1:: Endothelin-1
ERK :: Extracellular signal-regulated kinase
ERRα :: Oestrogen-related receptor alpha
FAD:: Flavin adenine dinucleotide
FAK :: Focal adhesion kinase
FASN :: Fatty acid synthase
FOXO1 :: Forkhead box O1
FOXO3:: Forkhead box O3
HATs :: Histone acetyltransferases
HDACs:: Histone deacetylases
HDMs :: Histone demethylases
HIF-1 :: Hypoxia-inducible factor 1
HMTs :: Histone methyltransferases
IDH2 :: Isocitrate dehydrogenase 2
JNK:: c-Jun N-terminal kinase
JmjCs :: Jumonji C domain-containing proteins
LINE-1:: Long interspersed nuclear element 1
LSDs :: Lysine-specific demethylases
MAPK :: Mitogen-activated protein kinase
MAT :: Methionine adenosyl transferase
Me :: Methyl group
MEF2:: Myocyte enhancer factor
MnSOD :: Manganese superoxide dismutase
mTOR :: Mammalian target of rapamycin
MTR:: Methionine synthase
MTRR :: Methionine synthase reductase
MT2:: Metallothionein-2
MyoD :: Myoblast determination protein 1
MyoG :: Myogenin
NAD :: Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
NAMPT:: Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase
NF-κB :: Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells
NO :: Nitric oxide
NOS2 :: Inducible nitric oxide synthase
Nrf2 :: Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2
NR4A1:: Nuclear receptor 4A1
PA :: Phosphatidic acid
Per1:: Period circadian regulator 1
Per2 :: Period circadian regulator 2
PGC-1α :: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-ƴ coactivator
PHDs :: Prolyl hydroxylase domains
PKA:: Protein kinase A
PKB :: Protein kinase B
PO₂ :: Oxygen pressure
PPARs :: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors
PPARG/PPARγ :: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma
PPARGC1A :: PPARG coactivator 1 alpha
RORs :: Retinoid-related orphan receptors
RORα :: Retinoid-related orphan receptor alpha
RORE :: ROR response element
ROS :: Reactive oxygen species
SAH :: S-adenosylhomocysteine
SAHH:: SAH hydrolase
SAM :: S-adenosylmethionine
SAM/SAH ratio:: S-adenosylmethionine S-adenosylhomocysteine ratio
SIRTs:: Sirtuins
SOD:: Superoxide dismutase
SREBP1 :: Sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1
TETs:: Ten-eleven translocation enzymes
TFAM :: Transcription factor A mitochondrial
TGF-β :: Transforming growth factor beta
THF :: Tetrahydrofolate
TNF-α :: Tumour necrosis factor alpha
UCP1 :: Uncoupling protein 1
VEGF :: Vascular endothelial growth factor

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Faculty of Life and Health Sciences, Ulster University, Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK
Ciara G. Juan, Kyle B. Matchett & Gareth W. Davison

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Ciara G. Juan
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Juan, C.G., Matchett, K.B., Davison, G.W. (2024). Exercise and Nutrition: Metabolic Partners in Epigenetic Regulation. In: Vaschetto, L.M. (eds) Molecular Mechanisms in Nutritional Epigenetics. Epigenetics and Human Health, vol 12. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-54215-2_9

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