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Recent Advances Towards Improved Microbial Bioremediation of Heavy Metal Pollution

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Heavy Metal Remediation

Part of the book series: Earth and Environmental Sciences Library ((EESL))

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Abstract

Heavy metals refer to metals with a molecular weight of 5 times more than water. Heavy metals enter the environment through mining the metal, metal casting, and smelting industries, and they return to humans through food, meat, vegetables, and contaminated drinking water. Heavy metals are removed by physical remediation, chemical remediation, and bioremediation methods, also bioremediation is cost-effective, has easy availability, and eco-friendliness. The types of mechanism microbial bioremediation of metal are biosorption, bioaccumulation, bioleaching, biomineralization, and biotransformation. Microorganisms provide resistance to heavy metals through various mechanisms, including extracellular or intracellular sequestration, extracellular barriers, reduction, and active transport (efflux). Heavy metals affect the diversity and number of microbes in the environment, which has been studied by metagenomic methods. The consortium produces stromatolites, microbial mats, and biofilms that are resistant and bioremedicated to various metals. Microorganisms also produce nanoparticles by bioremediation of metals. Nanocomposites increase the activities of microbial biostimulation, bioaccumulation, and biotransformation.

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Acknowledgements

The authors are thankful to all scientists who have efforts and research on heavy metal bioremediation and progress in this area.

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  1. Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran

    Farzaneh Dianatdar & Zahra Etemadifar

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  1. Farzaneh Dianatdar
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  2. Zahra Etemadifar
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Correspondence to Zahra Etemadifar .

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  1. Department of Biotechnology, Central University of South Bihar, Gaya, Bihar, India

    Nitish Kumar

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Dianatdar, F., Etemadifar, Z. (2024). Recent Advances Towards Improved Microbial Bioremediation of Heavy Metal Pollution. In: Kumar, N. (eds) Heavy Metal Remediation. Earth and Environmental Sciences Library. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-53688-5_6

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