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Théodule Armand Ribot: ‘Scientific Psychology’ in France

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Lamarckism and the Emergence of 'Scientific' Social Sciences in Nineteenth-Century Britain and France

Part of the book series: History, Philosophy and Theory of the Life Sciences ((HPTL,volume 36))

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Abstract

Ribot fulfilled a controversial, seminal role in France: powerful long-time editor of the influential Revue philosophique, prolific author, high-brow popularizer, and translator. Thus he was an important cultural-scientific agent of change, e.g., ‘importing’ to France Spencer’s and Jackson’s work, and contemporaneous British and German psychology, especially Wundt. He strove to constitute and academize a psychology aspiring to be scientific, non-metaphysical, and experimental, and was instrumental in initiating psychology laboratories. His endeavor was based on Spencerian Lamarckism/French neo-Lamarckism assumptions applied to the nervous system, arguing that scientific explanation of the psychological order hinged on biologizing the individual’s mental functioning and its pathologies.

I discuss Ribot’s early presentations and later views on methodological issues, such as “facts” and “laws,” and his critique of the current French spiritualism on mind and ‘self.’ Ribot argued for an epistemic hierarchy of complexity, with the (physiological) unconscious as its causal basis. I discuss his 1873 work on Psychological Heredity, his methodological parallelism and foundational notion of the evolutionary hierarchical order of the nervous and the mental, “the law of reversion/dissolution.” I relate it to his nuanced position on memory as biological and on the significance of the memory–heredity continuum within contemporaneous context, his stand on the existence and role of states-of-consciousness and non/un-conscious ones, on voluntary and automatic behavior and the psychological/biological mechanisms explaining them. Lastly, I discuss Ribot’s attempt to deploy the assumption of a memory–heredity continuum in order to bring his psychological apparatus to bear on collectivities, including ‘race.’

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Notes

  1. 1.

    E.g., ambivalent Vacherot in Séances et Travaux (1870, 467–72); especially supportive Taine in Journal des Debats, 13.3 (1870, 2).

  2. 2.

    On laboratories, networks in France, see Carroy and Schmidgen (2002), Carson (2007), and Mucchielli (1998).

  3. 3.

    Ribot’s self-presentation: published letters to Taine, Espinas, Pieron; Feuerhahn and Trochu (2016) on further correspondence.

  4. 4.

    Carroy and Plas (2006), Dowbiggin (1985), Ellis (1990), Goldstein (1987), Leonard (1992), and Nye (1984).

  5. 5.

    “Comme un lacis prodigieusement enchevêtré et inextricable, ou l’histologie, l’anatomie et la physiologie s’égarent a chaque instant” (Ribot, 1885a, b, 164).

  6. 6.

    Danziger (1990), Klautke (2013), Kusch (1999), and Bunzl (1996).

  7. 7.

    Ash (2003), Carroy (2004), Carroy and Schmidgen (2002), Danziger (1985, 1990), and Mucchielli (1994, 2006).

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  1. Cohn Institute for the History and Philosophy of Science and Ideas, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv, Israel

    Snait B. Gissis

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  1. Snait B. Gissis
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Gissis, S.B. (2024). Théodule Armand Ribot: ‘Scientific Psychology’ in France. In: Lamarckism and the Emergence of 'Scientific' Social Sciences in Nineteenth-Century Britain and France. History, Philosophy and Theory of the Life Sciences, vol 36. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-52756-2_5

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