Abstract
Decreasing permeable surfaces in cities due to growing population and more frequent high-intensity rainfalls due to climate change lead to floods. The consequences are loss of freshwater resource, disruption of natural water cycle, and sewer outflow and spread of untreated wastewater into the environment. Adaptations to decrease the vulnerability of cities to heavy rainfalls need to integrate solutions that have a circular perspective. Nature-based solutions (NbS) can be helpful to adapt urban infrastructure to align with circular cities that are more sustainable. Rain garden, which is one of the best management practices suggested to manage stormwater, can provide many hydraulic benefits such as surface runoff volume reduction, peak flow reduction, and flow mitigation. Therefore, it can reduce the stress on the stormwater infrastructure. At the same time, it acts as a treatment tool by removing the pollutants from rain water. Furthermore, it provides a recharge area for groundwater where runoff percolates into the subsurface. Apart from these, a rain garden offers several solutions to mitigation of urbanization and global warming, such as reducing heat island formation and carbon footprints and supporting biodiversity. This study reviewed the literature to quantify contributions of rain gardens to mitigate the impacts of climate change and enhance circularity in cities.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Alyaseri I, Zhou J, Morgan SM et al (2017) Initial impacts of rain gardens’ application on water quality and quantity in combined sewer: field-scale experiment. Front Environ Sci Eng 11(4):19. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-017-0988-5
Anderson AR, Franti TG, Shelton DP (2018) Hydrologic evaluation of stormwater runoff simulator. Biol Syst Eng 61(2):495–508. https://doi.org/10.13031/trans.12213
Andrew RM, Vesely ÉT (2008) Life-cycle energy and CO2 analysis of stormwater treatment devices. Water Sci Technol 58(5):985–993. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2008.455
Aravena JE, Dussaillant A (2009) Storm-water infiltration and focused recharge modeling with finite-volume two-dimensional richards equation: application to an experimental rain garden. J Hydraul Eng 135:1073–1080. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)hy.1943-7900.0000111
Asleson BC, Nestingen RS, Gulliver JS et al (2009) Performance assessment of rain gardens. JAWRA 45(4):1019–1031. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2009.00344.x
Autixier L, Mailhot A, Bolduc S et al (2014) Evaluating rain gardens as a method to reduce the impact of sewer overflows in sources of drinking water. Sci Total Environ 499:238–247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.08.030
Barrett ME, Limouzin M, Lawler DF (2013) Effects of media and plant selection on biofiltration performance. J Environ Eng 139(4):462–470. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)ee.1943-7870.0000551
Bethke GM, William R, Stillwell AS (2021) Rain garden performance as a function of native soil parameters. J Sustain Water Built Environ 8(1):1–9. https://doi.org/10.1061/jswbay.0000967
Boguniewicz-Zabłocka J, Capodaglio AG (2020) Analysis of alternatives for sustainable stormwater management in small developments of Polish urban catchments. Sustainability 10189. https://doi.org/10.3390/su122310189
Cameron RWF, Blanuša T, Taylor JE et al (2012) The domestic garden – its contribution to urban green infrastructure. Urban For Urban Green 11(2):129–137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2012.01.002
Chaffin BC, Shuster WD, Garmestani AS et al (2016) A tale of two rain gardens: barriers and bridges to adaptive management of urban stormwater in Cleveland, Ohio. J Environ Manag 183:431–441. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.06.025
Chan KL, Dong C, Wong MS et al (2018) Plant chemistry associated dynamic modelling to enhance urban vegetation carbon sequestration potential via bioenergy harvesting. J Clean Prod 197:1084–1094. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.06.233
Chapman EJ, Small GE, Shrestha P (2022) Investigating potential hydrological ecosystem services in urban gardens through soil amendment experiments and hydrologic models. Urban Ecosyst 25:867–878. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11252-021-01191-7
Chen Y, Samuelson HW, Tong Z (2016) Integrated design workflow and a new tool for urban rainwater management. J Environ Manag 180:45–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.04.059
Chen CF, Lin JW, Lin JY (2022) Hydrological cycle performance at a permeable pavement site and a raingarden site in a subtropical region. Land 11. https://doi.org/10.3390/land11060951
City of Portland Bureau of Environmental Services (2004) Flow test memorandum glencoe rain garden. September 2003, 1–33
Cohen JP, Field R, Tafuri AN et al (2012) Cost comparison of conventional gray combined sewer overflow control infrastructure versus a green/gray combination. J Irrig Drain Eng 138(6):534–540. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)ir.1943-4774.0000432
Costello DM, Hartung EW, Stoll JT et al (2020) Bioretention cell age and construction style influence stormwater pollutant dynamics. Sci Total Environ 712:135597. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135597
Davis AP (2008) Field performance of bioretention: hydrology impacts. J Hydrol Eng 13(2):90–95. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)1084-0699(2008)13:2(90)
Davis AP, McCuen RH (2005) Storm water Management for Smart Growth, Ochrona Srodowiska i Zasobow Naturalnych, 1st edn. Springer, New York. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-27593-2
Davis AP, Hunt WF, Traver RG et al (2009) Bioretention technology: overview of current practice and future needs. J Environ Eng 135(3):109–117. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9372(2009)135:3(109)
DeBusk KM, Wynn TM (2011) Storm-water bioretention for runoff quality and quantity mitigation. J Environ Eng 137(9):800–808. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)ee.1943-7870.0000388
Dietz ME (2007) Low impact development practices: a review of current research and recommendations for future directions. Water Air Soil Pollut 186(1–4):351–363. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-007-9484-z
Dietz ME, Clausen JC (2005) A field evaluation of rain garden flow and pollutant treatment. Water Air Soil Pollut 167(1–4):123–138. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-005-8266-8
Dutta A, Torres AS, Vo**ovic Z (2021) Evaluation of pollutant removal efficiency by small-scale nature-based solutions focusing on bio-retention cells, vegetative swale and porous pavement. Water (Switzerland) 13(17). https://doi.org/10.3390/w13172361
Ekmekcioğlu Ö, Yılmaz M, Özger M et al (2021) Investigation of the low impact development strategies for highly urbanized area via auto-calibrated Storm Water Management Model (SWMM). Water Sci Technol 84:2194. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2021.432
Fajardo-herrera RJ, Valdelamar-villegas JC, Bello JM (2019) A rain garden for nitrogen removal from storm runoff in tropical cities. Trop J Environ Sci 53(2):132–146. https://doi.org/10.15359/rca.53-2.7
Feldman A, Foti R, Montalto F (2019) Green infrastructure implementation in urban parks for stormwater management. J Sustain Water Built Environ 5(3):05019003. https://doi.org/10.1061/jswbay.0000880
Flynn KM, Traver RG (2013) Green infrastructure life cycle assessment: a bio-infiltration case study. Ecol Eng 55:9–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2013.01.004
Frazier C (2021) Final technical report survey of bates hall rain garden on Oregon State University Campus. CHD Engineering, pp 1–47
Guo C, Li J, Li H (2021) The composition of urban storm-water runoff pollutants in sediment and loess soil in rain garden. Pol J Environ Stud 30(4):3533–3543. https://doi.org/10.15244/pjoes/127274
Heidari B, Schmidt AR, Minsker B (2022) Cost/benefit assessment of green infrastructure: spatial scale effects on uncertainty and sensitivity. J Environ Manag 302(PA):114009. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.114009
Hunt WF, Jarrett AR, Smith JT et al (2006) Evaluating bioretention hydrology and nutrient removal at three field sites in North Carolina. J Irrig Drain Eng 132(6):600–608. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9437(2006)132:6(600)
Hunt WF, Smith JT, Jadlocki SJ et al (2008) Pollutant removal and peak flow mitigation by a bioretention cell in urban Charlotte, N.C. J Environ Eng 134(5):403–408. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9372(2008)134:5(403)
Hurley S, Shrestha P, Cording A (2017) Nutrient leaching from compost: implications for bioretention and other green stormwater infrastructure. J Sustain Water Built Environ 3:1–8. https://doi.org/10.1061/jswbay.0000821
Imran HM, Kala J, Ng AWM et al (2019) Effectiveness of vegetated patches as green infrastructure in mitigating urban heat Island effects during a heatwave event in the city of Melbourne. Weather Clim Extrem 25:100217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wace.2019.100217
IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change), Revi A, David ES, Fernando A-D et al (2014) Urban areas in climate change 2014: impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability. Part A: global and sectoral aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the fifth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge/New York, pp 535–612
Itsukushima R, Ideta K, Takata H (2022) Relationship between compaction and infiltration capacity of amended soil for urban flood damage mitigation. Soil Use Manag 38(1):1054–1068. https://doi.org/10.1111/sum.12705
Jenkins JKG, Wadzuk BM, Welker AL (2010) Fines accumulation and distribution in a storm-water rain garden nine years postconstruction. J Irrig Drain Eng 136(12):862–869. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)ir.1943-4774.0000264
Jennings AA, Berger MA, Hale JD (2015) Hydraulic and hydrologic performance of residential rain gardens. J Environ Eng 141(11):04015033. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)ee.1943-7870.0000967
Job C (2022) A review of low-impact development factors affecting managed aquifer recharge. Groundwater 60:619–627. https://doi.org/10.1111/gwat.13207
Johnson JP, Hunt WF (2020) Field assessment of the hydrologic mitigation performance of three aging bioretention cells. J Sustain Water Built Environ 6(4):04020017. https://doi.org/10.1061/jswbay.0000925
Johnson JP, Muthanna TM, Hunt WF (2019) Évaluation de la performance hydrologique à long terme d’un jardin de pluie à Trondheim en Norvège (evaluation of the long-term hydrologic performance of a rain garden in Trondheim, Norway). Novatech 1–4. http://www.novatech.graie.org/documents/auteurs/3D82-163JOH.pdf
Johnston MR, Balster NJ, Thompson AM (2020) Vegetation alters soil water drainage and retention of replicate rain gardens. Water (Switzerland) 12(11):1–23. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12113151
Kasprzyk M, Szpakowski W, Poznańska E et al (2022) Technical solutions and benefits of introducing rain gardens – Gdańsk case study. Sci Total Environ 835:155487. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155487
Kavehei E, Jenkins G, Adame M, Lemckert C (2018a) Carbon sequestration potential for mitigating the carbon footprint of green stormwater infrastructure. Renew Sust Energ Rev 94:1179–1191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2018.07.002.002
Kavehei E, Jenkins G, Adame MF, Lemckert C (2018b) Towards the inclusion of greenhouse gas fluxes in the carbon footprint of vegetated WSUD. In: 10th international conference on water sensitive urban design: creating water sensitive communities (WSUD 2018 & Hydropolis 2018). Engineers Australia, Perth, Australia, p 241
Kavehei E, Jenkins GA, Lemckert C, Adame MF (2019) Carbon stocks and sequestration of stormwater bioretention/biofiltration basins. Ecol Eng 138:227–236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2019.07.006
Kazemi F, Beecham S, Gibbs J et al (2009) Streetscale bioretention basins in Melbourne and their effect on local biodiversity. Ecol Eng 35(10):1454–1465. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2009.06.003
Law EP, Diemont SAW, Toland TR et al (2017) A sustainability comparison of green infrastructure interventions using emergy evaluation. J Clean Prod 145:374–385. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.12.039
Li M-H, Swapp M, Kim MH et al (2014) Comparing bioretention designs with and without an internal water storage layer for treating highway runoff. Water Environ Res 86(5):387–397. https://doi.org/10.2175/106143013x13789303501920
Line DE, Hunt WF (2009) Performance of a bioretention area and a level spreader-grass filter strip at two highway sites in North Carolina. J Irrig Drain Eng 135(2):217–224. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9437(2009)135:2(217)
Lu G, Wang L (2021) An integrated framework of green stormwater infrastructure planning—a review. Sustainability 13:13942. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132413942
Ma Y, Gong M, Zhao H et al (2020) Contribution of road dust from Low Impact Development (LID) construction sites to atmospheric pollution from heavy metals. Sci Total Environ 698:134243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134243
Mehring AS, Levin LA (2015) Potential roles of soil fauna in improving the efficiency of rain gardens used as natural stormwater treatment systems. J Appl Ecol 52(6):1445–1454. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.12525
Moore TLC, Hunt WF (2013) Predicting the carbon footprint of urban stormwater infrastructure. Ecol Eng 58:44–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2013.06.021
Nocco MA, Rouse SE, Balster NJ (2016) Vegetation type alters water and nitrogen budgets in a controlled, replicated experiment on residential-sized rain gardens planted with prairie, shrub, and turfgrass. Urban Ecosyst 19(4):1665–1691. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11252-016-0568-7
Nordman EE, Isely E, Isely P et al (2018) Benefit-cost analysis of stormwater green infrastructure practices for Grand Rapids, Michigan, USA. J Clean Prod 200:501–510. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.07.152
Oral HV, Carvalho P, Gajewska M et al (2020) A review of nature-based solutions for urban water management in European circular cities: a critical assessment based on case studies and literature. Blue-Green Syst 2(1):112–136. https://doi.org/10.2166/bgs.2020.932
Oral HV, Radinja M, Rizzo A et al (2021) Management of urban waters with nature-based solutions in circular cities—exemplified through seven urban circularity challenges. Water (Switzerland) 13. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13233334
Osman M, Yusof KW, Takaijudin H et al (2019) A review of nitrogen removal for urban stormwater runoff in bioretention system. Sustainability (Switzerland) 11(19):1–21. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11195415
Passeport E, Hunt WF, Line DE et al (2009) Field study of the ability of two grassed bioretention cells to reduce storm-water runoff pollution. J Irrig Drain Eng 135(4):505–510. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)ir.1943-4774.0000006
Pataki DE, Carreiro MM, Cherrier J et al (2011) Coupling biogeochemical cycles in urban environments: ecosystem services, green solutions, and misconceptions. Front Ecol Environ 9:27–36. https://doi.org/10.1890/090220
Paus KH, Muthanna TM, Braskerud BC (2016) The hydrological performance of bioretention cells in regions with cold climates: seasonal variation and implications for design. Hydrol Res 47(2):291–304. https://doi.org/10.2166/nh.2015.084
Pour SH, Abd Wahab AK, Shahid S et al (2020) Low impact development techniques to mitigate the impacts of climate-change-induced urban floods: current trends, issues and challenges. Sustain Cities Soc 62:102373. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2020.102373
Randall MT, Bradford A (2013) Bioretention gardens for improved nutrient removal. Water Qual Res J Can 48(4):372–386. https://doi.org/10.2166/wqrjc.2013.016
Razzaghi Asl S, Pearsall H (2022) How do different modes of governance support ecosystem services/disservices in small-scale urban green infrastructure? A systematic review. Land 11:1247. https://doi.org/10.3390/land11081247
Roy-Poirier A, Champagne P, Filion Y (2010) Review of bioretention system research and design: past, present, and future. J Environ Eng 136(9):878–889. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)ee.1943-7870.0000227
Samouei S, Özger M (2020) Evaluating the performance of low impact development practices in urban runoff mitigation through distributed and combined implementation. J Hydroinf 22(6):1506–1520. https://doi.org/10.2166/HYDRO.2020.054
Seo M, Jaber F, Srinivasan R et al (2017) Evaluating the impact of low impact development (LID) practices on water quantity and quality under different development designs using SWAT. Water (Switzerland) 9(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/w9030193
Sharma R, Malaviya P (2021) Management of stormwater pollution using green infrastructure: the role of rain gardens. WIREs Water 8(2):1–21. https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1507
Shuster WD, Darner RA, Schifman LA et al (2017) Factors contributing to the hydrologic effectiveness of a rain garden network (Cincinnati, OH, USA). Inf Dent 2(3):1–14. https://doi.org/10.3390/infrastructures2030011
Osheen, Singh KK (2019) Rain garden—a solution to urban flooding: a review, Lecture notes in civil engineering. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-6717-5_4
Siwiec E, Erlandsen AM, Vennemo H (2018) City greening by rain gardens-costs and benefits. Environ Protect Nat Resour 29(1):1–5. https://doi.org/10.2478/oszn-2018-0001
Smyth K, Drake J, Li Y et al (2021) Bioretention cells remove microplastics from urban stormwater. Water Res 191:116785. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2020.116785
Song P, Kim G, Mayer A et al (2020) Assessing the ecosystem services of various types of urban green spaces based on i-Tree Eco. Sustainability 12(4):1630. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12041630
Spraakman S, Van Seters T, Drake J et al (2020) How has it changed? A comparative field evaluation of bioretention infiltration and treatment performance post-construction and at maturity. Ecol Eng 158:106036. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2020.106036
Stander EK, Borst M (2010) Hydraulic test of a bioretention media carbon amendment. J Hydrol Eng 15(6):531–536. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)he.1943-5584.0000133
Stefanakis AI, Calheiros CS, Nikolaou I (2021) Nature-based solutions as a tool in the new circular economic model for climate change adaptation. Circ Econ Sustain 1:303–318. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43615-021-00022-3
Taguchi VJ, Weiss PT, Gulliver JS et al (2020) It is not easy being green: recognizing unintended consequences of green stormwater infrastructure. Water (Switzerland) 12. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12020522
Tang N-y, Li T (2016) Nitrogen removal by three types of bioretention columns under wetting and drying regimes. J Cent South Univ 23(2):324–332. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11771-016-3077-1
Tang S, Jia Z, Xu Q et al (2020) Examining the first flush effect based on the relationship between concentrations and discharge rates in a rain garden inflow. Desalin Water Treat 180:174–184. https://doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2020.25080
Trowsdale SA, Simcock R (2011) Urban stormwater treatment using bioretention. J Hydrol 397(3–4):167–174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2010.11.023
United Nations (2022) The UN. https://population.un.org. Accessed 12 Jan 2022
Venvik G, Boogaard FC (2020) Infiltration capacity of rain gardens using full-scale test method: effect of infiltration system on groundwater levels in Bergen, Norway. Land 9(12):1–18. https://doi.org/10.3390/land9120520
Vijayaraghavan K, Biswal BK, Adam MG et al (2021) Bioretention systems for stormwater management: recent advances and future prospects. J Environ Manag 292:112766. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112766
Vineyard D, Ingwersen WW, Hawkins TR et al (2015) Comparing green and grey infrastructure using life cycle cost and environmental impact: a rain garden case study in Cincinnati, OH. J Am Water Resour Assoc 51(5):1342–1360. https://doi.org/10.1111/1752-1688.12320
Wang J, Zhou W, Pickett ST et al (2019a) A multiscale analysis of urbanization effects on ecosystem services supply in an urban megaregion. Sci Total Environ 662:824–833. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.260
Wang M, Zhang D, Lou S et al (2019b) Assessing hydrological effects of bioretention cells for urban stormwater runoff in response to climatic changes. Water (Switzerland) 11(5). https://doi.org/10.3390/w11050997
Wang H, Sun Y, Zhang L et al (2021) Enhanced nitrogen removal and mitigation of nitrous oxide emission potential in a lab-scale rain garden with internal water storage. J Water Process Eng 42:102147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2021.102147
**ng YJ, Chen TL, Gao MY et al (2021) Comprehensive performance evaluation of green infrastructure practices for urban watersheds using an engineering–environmental–economic (3E) model. Sustainability (Switzerland) 13(9). https://doi.org/10.3390/su13094678
**ong J, Zhou J, Li J et al (2020) Removal of nitrogen from rainwater runoff by bioretention cells filled with modified collapsible loess. Ecol Eng 158:106065. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2020.106065
Xu X (2021) Multi-system urban waste-energy self-circulation: design of urban self-circulation system based on emergy analysis. Int J Environ Res Public Health 18(14):7538. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18147538
Yan F (2021) Study on the improvement of ecological environment in the space of Shanghai primary and secondary schools by rain gardens. IOP Conf Series Earth Environ Sci 781(3):0–5. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/781/3/032044
Yang JL, Zhang GL (2011) Water infiltration in urban soils and its effects on the quantity and quality of runoff. J Soils Sediments 11(5):751–761. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-011-0356-1
Yang H, McCoy EL, Grewal PS et al (2010) Dissolved nutrients and atrazine removal by column-scale monophasic and biphasic rain garden model systems. Chemosphere 80:929–934. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.05.021
Yang H, Dick WA, McCoy EL et al (2013) Field evaluation of a new biphasic rain garden for stormwater flow management and pollutant removal. Ecol Eng 54:22–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2013.01.005
Yang L, Zhang L, Li Y et al (2015) Water-related ecosystem services provided by urban green space: a case study in Yixing city (China). Landsc Urban Plan 136:40–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2014.11.016
Yergeau SE, Obropta CC (2013) Preliminary field evaluation of soil compaction in rain gardens. J Environ Eng 139(9):1233–1236. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)ee.1943-7870.0000732
Youngblood S, Vogel J, Brown G et al (2017) Field studies of microbial removal from stormwater by bioretention cells with fly-ash amendment. Water (Switzerland) 9(7):1–12. https://doi.org/10.3390/w9070526
Yuan J, Dunnett N, Stovin V (2017) The influence of vegetation on rain garden hydrological performance. Urban Water J 14(10):1083–1089. https://doi.org/10.1080/1573062X.2017.1363251
Yuan MH, Lo FC, Yu CP et al (2022) Nature-based solutions for securing contributions of water, food, and energy in an urban environment. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29:58222–58230. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-19570-8
Zhang S, Guo Y (2013) Explicit equation for estimating storm-water capture efficiency of rain gardens. J Hydrol Eng 18(12):1739–1748. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)he.1943-5584.0000734
Zhang L, Ye Z, Shibata S (2020) Assessment of rain garden effects for the management of urban storm runoff in Japan. Sustainability (Switzerland) 12(23):1–17. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12239982
Zhang Y, Xu H, Liu H et al (2021) The application of low impact development facility chain on storm rainfall control: a case study in Shenzhen, China. Water (Switzerland) 13(23):1–16. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13233375
Zhou Q, Leng G, Su J et al (2019) Comparison of urbanization and climate change impacts on urban flood volumes: importance of urban planning and drainage adaptation. Sci Total Environ 658:24–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.184
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2024 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Karabay, K., Öztürk, H., Ceylan, E., Ayral Çınar, D. (2024). Assessment of Urban Rain Gardens Within Climate Change Adaptation and Circularity Challenge. In: Stefanakis, A., Oral, H.V., Calheiros, C., Carvalho, P. (eds) Nature-based Solutions for Circular Management of Urban Water. Circular Economy and Sustainability. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-50725-0_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-50725-0_4
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-031-50724-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-031-50725-0
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0)