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Micro-solid-phase extraction

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Microextraction Techniques

Part of the book series: Integrated Analytical Systems ((ANASYS))

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Abstract

The direct determination of compounds of interest is challenging and, in the majority of cases, impossible. This fact is related to the low concentration of analytes as well as the presence of possible interferences in many sample types. Hence, there is a need for a sample preparation step before the final analysis. To this end, great attention has been devoted to designing and using miniaturized extraction techniques (METs) as alternatives to conventional procedures. METs can address the main drawbacks of conventional sample preparation methods. These include excessive consumption of organic solvents or reagents, need for multiple operations or steps, inconvenience or difficulty of automation, etc. Amongst the METs, micro-solid-phase extraction (µ-SPE) has garnered much attention thanks to its demonstrable advantages. In µ-SPE the consumption of materials (solvents, reagents, etc.) is reduced. Also, sorbents with small (e.g., micro- and nanoscale) dimensions are utilized. Moreover, the procedure involves use of miniaturized extraction devices and apparatus, etc. The contents of this chapter are focused on the fundamentals, configurations and applications of µ-SPE. Novel materials that have been used as sorbents in µ-SPE are investigated and discussed. Finally, current trends and prospects concerning the application of the technique are assessed.

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Abbreviations

β:

Selectivity factor

µ-SPE:

Micro-solid-phase extraction

3D:

Three-dimensional

BA:

Benzoic acid

Bd:

Benzidine

BTEX:

Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes

C18:

Octadecyl

COFs:

Covalent organic frameworks

DAD:

Diode array detection

DES:

Deep eutectic solvent

DPX:

Disposable pipette extraction

DSPE:

Dispersive solid-phase extraction

FID:

Flame ionization detection

FLD:

Fluorescence detection

GAC:

Green analytical chemistry

GC:

Gas chromatography

GFAAS:

Graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry

GO:

Graphene oxide

Gr:

Graphene

HG-AFLS:

Hydride generation-atomic fluorescence spectrometry

HPLC:

High-performance liquid chromatography

HVOCs:

Halogenated volatile organic compounds

IF:

Imprinting factor

IL:

Ionic liquid

LC-APCI:

Liquid chromatography atmospheric-pressure chemical ionization

LDHs:

Layered double hydroxides

LOD:

Limit of detection

LOQ:

Limit of quantification

MB-µ-SPE:

Membrane-based micro-solid-phase extraction

MEPS:

Microextraction by packed sorbent

METs:

Miniaturized extraction techniques

MICSM:

Molecularly-imprinted chitosan microspheres

MOFs:

Metal–organic frameworks

MS:

Mass spectrometry

MS/MS:

Tandem mass spectrometry

MSPD:

Matrix solid-phase dispersion

MWCNTs:

Multi-walled carbon nanotubes

NMBTEX:

Non-metabolized benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene isomer compounds

NSs:

Nanosheets

NTD:

Needle trap device

OPPs:

Organophosphorus pesticides

PAA:

Poly(acrylic acid)

PAHs:

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

PAN:

Polyacrylonitrile

PCBs:

Polychlorinated biphenyls

PT-SPE:

Pipette-tip solid-phase extraction

PVA:

Poly(vinyl alcohol)

QuEChERS:

Quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe

rGO:

Reduced graphene oxide

RSD:

Relative standard deviation

SA:

Salicylic acid

SBSE:

Stir bar sorptive extraction

SBSEME:

Sorbent-based sorptive extraction/microextraction

SC-SPE:

Spin column solid-phase extraction

Si/PANI:

Polyaniline silica

SPME:

Solid-phase microextraction

SWCNT:

Single-walled carbon nanotube

Tb:

1,3,5-Triformylbenzene

TCS:

Triclosan

TDMs:

Two-dimensional materials

TFME:

Thin-film microextraction

UHPLC:

Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography

UV:

Ultraviolet

VWD:

Variable wavelength detection

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Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful for the financial support from their respective universities.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemistry, Yasouj University, Yasouj, 75918-74831, Iran

    Ahmad Reza Bagheri

  2. Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117543, Singapore

    Hian Kee Lee

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  1. Department of Chemistry, University of La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain

    Miguel Ángel Rodríguez-Delgado

  2. Department of Chemistry, University of La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain

    Bárbara Socas-Rodríguez

  3. Department of Chemistry, University of La Laguna, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain

    Antonio V. Herrera-Herrera

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Bagheri, A.R., Lee, H.K. (2024). Micro-solid-phase extraction. In: Rodríguez-Delgado, M.Á., Socas-Rodríguez, B., Herrera-Herrera, A.V. (eds) Microextraction Techniques. Integrated Analytical Systems. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-50527-0_2

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