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A Technical Review on the Implementation of Lithium-Ion Batteries Waste Recycling Methods

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IGEC Transactions, Volume 1: Energy Conversion and Management (IAGE 2023)

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Abstract

The widespread use of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) in portable electronics such as smartphones and laptops highlight the significant need for long-lasting battery availability. The rise of electric vehicles (EVs) has further increased LIBs demand, leading to concerns about the depletion of lithium sources from the earth. Extracting methods such as pyrometallurgy, hydrometallurgy, and direct methods have been introduced to recover lithium. However, these methods most often result in environmental pollution. Therefore, it is imperative for a ‘greener’ or environmentally friendly method to be established. The introduction of an electrochemical method to recycle LIBs in 2016 is a big step towards fulfilling this goal. This technical paper comprehensively examines the various techniques for recycling lithium from spent LIBs. The focus is on evaluating and discussing the extent of usage, technological readiness, efficiency, and environmental aspects of the methods. Also, the techno economy aspect of generic LIBs recycling methods has been reviewed and included.

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Abbreviations

L:

Design capacity of the machine in time per hour

a:

Assumed market price of the machine in specific year

b:

Machine-specific cost coefficients

radj:

Adjustment coefficient to convert the equipment prices according to the Chemical Engineering Plant Cost Index

rex:

Exchange rate

m, n, p:

Machine-specific energy rating coefficients

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to express gratitude to PETRONAS Research Sdn. Bhd. and Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Shah Alam, Malaysia for assistance throughout the research.

Funding

This research was funded by PETRONAS Research Sdn. Bhd. under the project grant ‘Resource Circularity of Lithium-Ion Batteries Waste’ - (UTVSB/CP/P.20221001006).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia

    Muhammad Zharfan Mohd Halizan, Awatif Hassim, Nur Najiha Maliaman & Mohd Muzamir Mahat

  2. Department of Environment, Faculty of Forestry and Environment, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia

    Irina Harun

  3. Kulliyyah of Architecture & Environmental Design, International Islamic University Malaysia, 53100, Gombak, Kuala Lumpur, Selangor, Malaysia

    Mohd Fadzli Irwan Bahruddin

  4. Faculty of Technology and Informatics Razak, University of Technology Malaysia, 54100, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

    Nuraini Daud

  5. Kulliyyah of Science, International Islamic University Malaysia, 25200, Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia

    Mohamad Arif Kasri

  6. School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia

    Norazah Abd Rahman

  7. Group Research and Technology, PETRONAS Research Sdn. Bhd., 43000, Bandar Baru Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia

    Muhammad Faiz Aizamddin & Siti Nur Amira Shaffee

Authors
  1. Muhammad Zharfan Mohd Halizan
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  2. Irina Harun
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  3. Mohd Fadzli Irwan Bahruddin
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  4. Nuraini Daud
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  5. Mohamad Arif Kasri
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  6. Awatif Hassim
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  7. Nur Najiha Maliaman
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  8. Norazah Abd Rahman
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  9. Muhammad Faiz Aizamddin
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  10. Siti Nur Amira Shaffee
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  11. Mohd Muzamir Mahat
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Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Mohd Fadzli Irwan Bahruddin or Mohd Muzamir Mahat .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Mississippi State University, Mississippi, MS, USA

    Jian Zhao

  2. University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK

    Sambhaji Kadam

  3. University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK

    Zhibin Yu

  4. Dept of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engg, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada

    **anguo Li

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© 2024 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

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Halizan, M.Z.M. et al. (2024). A Technical Review on the Implementation of Lithium-Ion Batteries Waste Recycling Methods. In: Zhao, J., Kadam, S., Yu, Z., Li, X. (eds) IGEC Transactions, Volume 1: Energy Conversion and Management. IAGE 2023. Springer Proceedings in Energy. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-48902-0_2

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-48902-0_2

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  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-031-48901-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-031-48902-0

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