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Biomass for Industrial and District Heating

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Forest Bioenergy

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Abstract

The industrial sector, the world’s largest energy consuming end-user, is a major greenhouse gas emitter. It heavily relies on fossil fuels, with only a small contribution from renewables, and of these, only biomass (mainly primary solid biofuels) is not marginal at a global scale. Several factors contribute to the limited adoption of renewables within the industry. The sector’s extraordinary diversity and complexity make a one-size-fits-all solution impossible. Industrial energy consumption varies significantly among different sub-sectors and even within each sub-sector, depending on production composition and industrial processes. Energy-intensive industries typically consume substantial amounts of process heat, while non-energy-intensive ones tend to rely more on electricity. Given the importance of energy-intensive industrial sub-sectors, finding solutions to decarbonise process heat is crucial. Process heat encompasses various applications, technologies, energy sources, temperatures and delivery methods. There is substantial demand for high-temperature process heat (>500 °C), with only a limited number of renewable energy options available, including bioenergy. Bioenergy holds the potential to contribute to the decarbonisation of industry but requires tailored solutions for each sub-sector and context. This chapter presents key commercially available biomass heat production systems, which vary in configuration, technologies and scale, with similarities to district heating systems, also discussed.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Note that these figures exclude the non-energy use of fossil fuels (for example, the fuels used as feedstocks to make products such as plastics and chemicals or bitumen used as road surface).

  2. 2.

    OECD stands for Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development.

  3. 3.

    In 2020, these three sectors accounted for almost 60% of the world industrial energy consumption and more than 70% of the industrial CO2 emissions [33]. The emissions from industrial processes are included in this value, which for some industrial processes (e.g., cement and lime production) are important [34].

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Acknowledgements

The work was supported by Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, through IDMEC, under LAETA [project UIDB/50022/2020]. Isabel Malico expresses her gratitude to Lucas Saffian for the valuable help drawing the sketches included in this chapter.

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  1. IDMEC, Escola de Ciências e Tecnologia, Departamento de Engenharia Mecatrónica, Universidade de Évora, Rua Romão Ramalho 59, 7000-671, Évora, Portugal

    Isabel Malico

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  1. MED—Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development and CHANGE—Global Change and Sustainability Institute, Instituto de Investigação e Formação Avançada, Departamento de Engenharia Rural, Escola de Ciências e Tecnologia, University of Évora, Évora, Portugal

    Ana Cristina Gonçalves

  2. IDMEC, Escola de Ciências e Tecnologia, Departamento de Engenharia Mecatrónica, Universidade de Évora, Évora, Portugal

    Isabel Malico

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Malico, I. (2024). Biomass for Industrial and District Heating. In: Gonçalves, A.C., Malico, I. (eds) Forest Bioenergy. Green Energy and Technology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-48224-3_9

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