Society Is to Blame

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Tackling the Obesity Crisis
  • 88 Accesses

Summary

We live in an ‘obesogenic society’ where the physical and cultural environment encourages people to overeat and avoid exercise. Many aspects are relevant. The design of the urban environment determines the extent you walk and exercise, and the types of food shops and restaurants that are nearby. Poverty is arguably the single most important risk factor for obesity, and as one example poor areas have more fast-food outlets. Portion sizes have increased over time so there is ‘portion distortion’, that is, we expect more on the plate than we need. The eating of fast food outside the home is an increasing trend that is associated with a tendency to put on weight. It is concluded that society must accept its share of the blame.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
EUR 32.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or Ebook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

eBook
USD 19.99
Price excludes VAT (Canada)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 29.99
Price excludes VAT (Canada)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free ship** worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Mackenbach JD, et al. Obesogenic environments: a systematic review of the association between the physical environment and adult weight status, the SPOTLIGHT project. BMC Public Health. 2014;14:233.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  2. Mavoa S, et al. Identifying appropriate land-use mix measures for use in a national walkability index. J Transp Land Use. 2018;11:681–700.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Paeratakul S, et al. The relation of gender, race, and socioeconomic status to obesity and obesity comorbidities in a sample of US adults. Int J Obes. 2002;26:1205–10.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Child measurement. Available at: https://digital.nhs.uk/data-and-information/publications/statistical/national-child-measurement-programme/2015-16-school-year Accessed 07 Sept 2023.

  5. Goisis A, et al. Why are poorer children at higher risk of obesity and overweight? A UK cohort study. Eur J Pub Health. 2016;26:7–13.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Bann D, et al. Socioeconomic inequalities in childhood and adolescent body-mass index, weight, and height from 1953 to 2015: an analysis of four longitudinal, observational, British birth cohort studies. Lancet Public Health. 2018;3:e194–203.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  7. Sweet rationing. Available at: https://www.sbwhistory.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/WW2-sweet-rationing-DR.pdf. Accessed 07 Sept 2023.

  8. Sugar rationing. Available at: https://www.sarahsundin.com/make-it-do-sugar-rationing-in-world-war-ii-2. Accessed 07 Sept 2023.

  9. Sugar and sweeteners. Available at: https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/crops/sugar-sweeteners.aspx. Accessed 07 Sept 2023.

  10. Semega JL, et al. Income and poverty in the United States: 2016 U.S. Census Bureau, current population reports. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 2017. p. 60–259.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Rank MR, Hirschl TA. The likelihood of experiencing relative poverty over the life course. PLoS One. 2015;10:e0133513.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  12. Poverty in France. Available at: https://borgenproject.org/tag/poverty-in-france/. Accessed 07 Sept 2023.

  13. Poverty in Germany. Available at: https://borgenproject.org/child-poverty-in-germany/. Accessed 07 Sept 2023.

  14. Childhood obesity in England, Available at: 28% of 2-15 year olds in England estimated to be overweight or obese - Full Fact, Accessed 07 Sept 2023.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Wansink B, Wansink C. The largest last supper: depictions of food portions and plate size increased over the millennium. Int J Obes. 2010;34:943–4.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Duffey KJ, Popkin BM. Energy density, portion size, and eating occasions: contributions to increased energy intake in the United States, 1977–2006. PLoS Med. 2011;8:e1001050.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  17. Young LR, Nestle M. The contribution of expanding portion sizes to the U.S. obesity epidemic. Am J Public Health. 2002;92:246–9.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  18. Portion sizes in United Kingdom. Available at: http://toolbox.foodcomp.info/References/RecipeCalculation/Susan%20Church%20%20-%20%20Trends%20in%20Portion%20Sizes%20in%20the%20UK.pdf. Accessed 07 Sept 2023.

  19. Rolls BJ, et al. The portion size of food affects energy intake in normal-weight and overweight men and women. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002;76:1207–13.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Diliberti N, et al. Increased portion size leads to increased energy intake in a restaurant meal. Obes Res. 2004;12:562–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Obesity in USA. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/factsheets/factsheet_nutrition.pdf. Accessed 07 Sept 2023.

  22. U.S. fast food restaurants statistics & facts. Statista. Available at: https://www.statista.com/topics/863/fast-food/#editorsPicks. Accessed 07 Sept 2023.

  23. America and fast food. Available at: https://qz.com/1413950/new-research-shows-one-third-of-us-adults-eats-fast-food-daily/#:~:text=One%20in%20every%20three%20American%20adults%2C%20about%2037%25%2C,people%20get%20older%20they%20eat%20less%20fast%20food. Accessed 07 Sept 2023.

  24. Obesity and the environment. Available at: https://ukhsa.blog.gov.uk/2016/10/21/obesity-and-the-environment-the-impact-of-fast-food/. Accessed 07 Sept 2023.

  25. McCrory MA, et al. Fast-food offerings in the United States in 1986, 1991, and 2016 show large increases in food variety, portion size, dietary energy, and selected micronutrients. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2019;2019(119):923–33.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Burger. Available at: https://www.burgerking.ee/en/menu/flame-grilled-burgers/bacon-king/. Accessed 07 Sept 2023.

  27. Kaiser KA, et al. Will reducing sugar-sweetened beverage consumption reduce obesity? Evidence supporting conjecture is strong, but evidence when testing effect is weak. Obes Rev. 2013;14:620–33.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  28. Pereira MA, et al. Fast-food habits, weight gain, and insulin resistance (the CARDIA study): 15-year prospective analysis. Lancet. 2005;365:1030.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Obesity and fast food. Available at: https://ukhsa.blog.gov.uk/2016/10/21/obesity-and-the-environment-the-impact-of-fast-food/. Accessed 07 Sept 2023.

  30. Bowman SA, et al. Effects of fast-food consumption on energy intake and diet quality among children in a National Household Survey. Pediatrics. 2004;113:112–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Poti JM, et al. The association of fast food consumption with poor dietary outcomes and obesity among children: is it the fast food or the remainder of the diet? Am J Clin Nutr. 2014;99:162–71.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Duffey KJ, Popkin BM. Energy density, portion size, and eating occasions: contributions to increased energy intake in the United States, 1977-2006. PLoS Med. 2011:e1001050.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Coffee shops. Available at: https://www.statista.com/statistics/196590/total-number-of-snack-and-coffee-shops-in-the-us-since-2002/#:~:text=Coffee%20shops%20-%20additional%20information%20The%20number%20of,largest%20coffeehouse%20in%20the%20United%20States%20in%202016. Accessed 07 Sept 2023.

  34. Starbucks. Available at: https://www.statista.com/statistics/218360/number-of-starbucks-stores-in-the-us/. Accessed 07 Sept 2023.

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2024 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Benton, D. (2024). Society Is to Blame. In: Tackling the Obesity Crisis. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-48197-0_8

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Navigation