Abstract
Textile production is the prime reason for effluent creation, and excessive research is being done for efficient effluent management systems all over the world. Though regulations and standards have been devised by countries across the world, problems still exist as the sources of them have not been addressed. Synthetic materials and auxiliaries are being used extensively for textile production which has a bearing on the health of the industry personnel as well as the environment. Synthetic dyes are manufactured with a high degree of colour fastness for long-lasting effects. Even small quantities of leftover dyes contribute to the colour of the wastewater. Colour and toxicity removal require special processes after textile processing is completed. The consciousness of sustainable textile manufacturing has created the need for the selection of more safe alternatives. One such process is natural dyeing which provides innumerable opportunities for new colour combinations, safe throwaways for agricultural use, using ingredients of natural origin and affording a non-hazardous subtle feel to human skin. This chapter studies the social and ecological impacts of natural dyeing giving rise to sustainable results. An analysis of a few case studies will help to prove that natural dyes taken from renewable resources will be the trend in the fashion industry for many years in the future.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
GVR Inc. (2023). Textile market size, share & trends analysis report by raw material (cotton, wool, silk, chemical), by product (natural fibers, nylon), by application (technical, fashion), by region, and segment forecasts, 2022 – 2030. https://www.grandviewresearch.com/industry-analysis/textile-market#:~:text=The%20global%20textile%20market%20size,4.0%25%20from%202022%20to%202030. Accessed 4 Dec 2022.
Bai, R., Yu, Y., Wang, Q., Yuan, J., & Fan, X. (2016). Effect of laccase on dyeing properties of polyphenol-based natural dye for wool fabric. Fibers and Polymers, 17, 1613–1620.
Setiadi, T., Andriani, Y., & Erlania, M. (2006). Treatment of textile wastewater by a combination of anaerobic and aerobic pro-cesses: A denim processing plant case. In S. Ohgaki, K. Fukushi, H. Katayama, S. Takizawa, & C. Polprasert (Eds.), Southeast AsianWater environment 1 (pp. 159–166). IWA Publishing, Bangkok, Thailand.
Setiadi, T., Andriani, Y., & Erlania, M. (2006). Treatment of textile wastewater by a combination of anaerobic and aerobic processes: A denim processing plant case. In S. Ohgaki, K. Fukushi, H. Katayama, S. Takizawa, & C. Polprasert (Eds.), Southeast Asian Water environment 1: Selected papers from the first International symposium on Southeast Asian Water environment (biodiversity and water environment), Bangkok, Thailand, October 2003 (pp. 159–166). IWA Publishing.
Berradi, M., Hsissou, R., Khudhair, M., Assouag, M., Cherkaoui, O., El Bachiri, A., & El Harfi, A. (2019). Textile finishing dyes and their impact on aquatic environs. Heliyon, 5(11), e02711.
Sharma, B., Dangi, A. K., & Shukla, P. (2018). Contemporary enzyme based technologies for bioremediation: A review. Journal of Environmental Management, 210, 10–22.
Khan, S., & Malik, A. (2018). Toxicity evaluation of textile effluents and role of native soil bacterium in biodegradation of a textile dye. Environmental Science and Pollution Research - International, 25(5), 4446–4458.
Nikfar, S., & Jaberidoost, M. (2014). Dyes and colorants. Reference module in biomedical sciences. In Encyclopedia of toxicology (Third ed., pp. 252–261). Elsevier.
Ajmal, A., Majeed, I., Malik, R. N., Idriss, H., & Nadeem, M. A. (2014). Principles and mechanisms of photocatalytic dye degradation on TiO2 based photocatalysts : A comparative overview. RSC Advances, 4, 37003–37026. https://doi.org/10.1039/c4ra06658h. https://www.academia.edu/10156547/Principles_and_mechanisms_of_photocatalytic_dye_degradation_on_TiO2_based_photocatalysts_a_comparative_overview
Shamey, R., & Zhao, X. (2014). Modelling, simulation and control of the dyeing process. Elsevier.
Wardman, R. H. (2017). An introduction to textile coloration: Principles and practice. Wiley.
Hassan, M. M., & Carr, C. M. (2018). A critical review on recent advancements of the removal of reactive dyes from dyehouse effluent by ion-exchange adsorbents. Chemosphere, 209(1), 201–219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.06.043
Leena, R., & Selva, R. D. (2008). Bio-decolourization of textile effluent containing reactive black-B by effluent-adapted and non-adapted bacteria. African Journal of Biotechnology, 7(18), 3309–3313.
Siddiqui, S. I., Fatima, B., Tara, N., Rathi, G., & Chaudhry, S. A. (2019). Recent advances in remediation of synthetic dyes from wastewaters using sustainable and low-cost adsorbents (pp. 471–507). Woodhead Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-102491-1.00015-0
Brock, T., Groteklaes, M., & Mischke, P. (2000). European coatings handbook. Vincentz Network GmbH & Co KG.
Christie, R. M. (2001). Colour chemistry. Royal Society of Chemistry.
Rehman, K., Shahzad, T., Sahar, A., Hussain, S., Mahmood, F., & Siddique, M. H. (2018). Effect of Reactive Black 5 azo dye on soil processes related to C and N cycling. PeerJ, 6, e4802.
Imran, M., Crowley, D. E., Khalid, A., Hussain, S., Mumtaz, M. W., & Arshad, M. (2015). Microbial biotechnology for decolorization of textile wastewaters. Reviews in Environmental Science and Biotechnology, 14(1), 73–92.
Rawat, D., Mishra, V., & Sharma, R. S. (2016). Detoxification of azo dyes in the context of environmental processes. Chemosphere, 155, 591–605.
Copaciu, F., Opriş, O., Coman, V., Ristoiu, D., Niinemets, Ü., & Copolovici, L. (2013). Diffuse water pollution by anthraquinone and azo dyes in environment importantly alters foliage volatiles, carotenoids and physiology in wheat (Triticum aestivum). Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 224(3), 1478.
Vargas, A. M. M., Paulino, A. T., & Nozaki, J. (2009). Effects of daily nickel intake on the bio-accumulation, body weight and length in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Toxicological and Environmental Chemistry, 91(4), 751–759.
Aquino, J. M., Rocha-Filho, R. C., Ruotolo, L. A., Bocchi, N., & Biaggio, S. R. (2014). Electrochemical degradation of a real textile wastewater using β-PbO2 and DSA® anodes. Chemical Engineering Journal, 251(2014), 138–145.
Sandhya, S. (2010). Biodegradation of azo dyes under anaerobic condition: Role of azoreductase. In H. A. Erkurt (Ed.), Biodegradation of azo dyes. The handbook of environmental chemistry (Vol. 9, pp. 39–57). Springer.
Newman, M. C. (2015). Fundamentals of ecotoxicology: The science of pollution. CRC Press.
Vikrant, K., Giri, B. S., Raza, N., Roy, K., Kim, K. H., Rai, B. N., et al. (2018). Recent advancements in bioremediation of dye: Current status and challenges. Bioresource Technology, 253(2018), 355–367.
Ito, T., Adachi, Y., Yamanashi, Y., & Shimada, Y. (2016). Long–term natural remediation process in textile dye–polluted river sediment driven by bacterial community changes. Water Research, 100, 458–465.
Christie, R. M. (2007). Environmental aspects of textile dyeing. Elsevier.
Clark, M. (Ed.). (2011). Handbook of textile and industrial dyeing: Principles, processes and types of dyes. Elsevier.
Hunger, K. (2003). Industrial dyes: Chemistry, properties and applications. Willey-VCH.
Thakur, I. S. (2006). Environmental biotechnology: Basic concepts and applications. I. K. International Pvt.
Tiwari, S., Tripathi, A., & Gaur, R. (2016). Bioremediation of plant refuges and xenobiotics. In R. L. Singh (Ed.), Principles and applications of environmental biotechnology for a sustainable future (pp. 85–142). Springer Science.
Li, H., Zhang, R., Tang, L., Zhang, J., & Mao, Z. (2014). Evaluation of Bacillus sp. MZS10 for decolorizing Azure B dye and its decolorization mechanism. Journal of the. Environmental Sciences, 26(5), 1125–1134.
Petzer, B. H., Harvey, G., & Wegener, J. P. P. (2012). Azure B, a metabolite of methylene blue, is a high-potency, reversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 258(3), 403–409.
Couto, N., Wood, J., & Barber, J. (2016). The role of glutathione reductase and related enzymes on cellular redox homoeostasis network. Free Radical Biology & Medicine, 95, 27–42.
Cyprus, J. (2020). What makes a product sustainable? https://earth911.com/business-policy/what-makes-a-product-sustainable/. Accessed 15 Dec 2022.
Team H. (2022). What is a sustainable product? The Complete Guide. https://hivebrands.com/blogs/news/what-is-a-sustainable-product. Accessed 15 Dec 2022.
Gauntlett, E. (2021). What makes a product sustainable? https://bowercollective.com/blogs/news/what-makes-a-product-sustainable. Accessed 15 Dec 2022.
Molinare, J. C., Korre, A., & Durucan, S. (2014). 24th European symposium on computer aided process engineering. Computer Aided Chemical Engineering, 33(2014), 1861–1866.
Gulzar, T., Farooq, T., Kiran, S., Ahmad, I., & Hameed. (2019). Green chemistry in the wet processing of textiles (pp. 1–20). Woodhead Publishing. The Impact and Prospects of Green Chemistry for Textile Technology.
Iclisoy, J. (2012). Green chemistry in textile. https://textilevaluechain.in/in-depth-analysis/articles/textile-articles/green-chemistry-in-textile/. Accessed 18 Dec 2022.
Kiron, M. I. (2022). Sustainability in textile processing. https://textilelearner.net/sustainability-in-textile-processing/. Accessed 29 Jan 2023.
Preša, P., & Tavčer, P. F. (2009). Low water and energy saving process for cotton pretreatment. Textile Research Journal, 79(1), 76, 13p–88.
Lange, N. K. (2000). Biopreparation in action. International Dyer, 185(2), 18–22.
Pawar, S. B., Shah, H. D., & Andhorika, G. R. (2002). Man-made text India, 45(4), 133.
Sundar, P. S., Bhatoye, S. K., Karthikeyan, N., & Prabhu, K. H. (2007). Enzyme applications in textiles. Indian Text Journal, 117(8), 25–31.
Karmakar, S. R. (1998). Application of biotechnology in the pre-treatment process of textiles. Colourage Annual, 45, 75–86.
Zia, M. A., Sheikh, M. A., & Khan, I. A. (2010). Chemically treated strain improvement of Aspergillus niger for enhanced production of glucose oxidase. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology, 12(6), 964–966.
Du, L. N., Wang, S., Li, G., Wang, B., Jia, X. M., Zhao, Y. H., & Chen, Y. L. (2011). Biodegradation of malachite green by Pseudomonas sp. strain DY1 under aerobic condition: Characteristics, degradation products, enzyme analysis and phytotoxicity. Ecotoxicology, 20, 438–446.
Galante, Y. M., & Formantici, C. (2003). Enzyme applications in detergency and in manufacturing industries. Current Organic Chemistry, 7(13), 1399–1422.
Barreca, A. M., Fabbrini, M., Galli, C., Gentili, P., & Ljunggren, S. (2003). Laccase/mediated oxidation of a lignin model for improved delignifi cation procedures. Journal of Molecular Catalysis B: Enzymatic, 26, 105–110.
Riva, S. (2006). Laccases: Blue enzymes for green chemistry. Trends in Biotechnology, 24(5), 219–226.
Dictionary.com. (2022). Mordant. https://www.dictionary.com/browse/mordant. Accessed 2 Feb 2023.
Roy Choudhury, A. K. (2014). Sustainable textile wet processing: Applications of enzymes, roadmap to sustainable textiles and clothing. In S. S. Muthu (Ed.), Textile science and clothing technology series (pp. 203–238). Springer Science+ Business Media Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-287-065-0_7
Boiral, O., & Roy, M. J. (2007). ISO 9000: Integration rationales and organizational impacts. International Journal of Operations & Production Management, 27(2), 226–247.
Saxena, S., & Raja, A. S. M. (2014). Natural dyes: Sources, chemistry, application and sustainability issues. In Roadmap to sustainable textiles and clothing: Eco-friendly raw materials, technologies, and processing methods (pp. 37–80).
Burkinshaw, S. M., & Kumar, N. (2009). The mordant dyeing of wool using tannic acid and FeSO4, Part 1: Initial findings. Dyes and Pigments, 80(1), 53–6.
Yusuf, M., Ahmad, A., Shahid, M., Khan, M. I., Khan, S. A., Manzoor, N., & Mohammad, F. (2012). Assessment of colorimetric, antibacterial and antifungal properties of woollen yarn dyed with the extract of the leaves of henna (Lawsonia inermis). Journal of cleaner production, 27, 42–50.
Zheng, G. H., Fu, H. B., & Liu, G. P. (2011). Application of rare earth as mordant for the dyeing of ramie fabrics with natural dyes. Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering, 28(11), 2148–2155.
Li, Y. V., Malensek, N., Sarkar, A. K., & **ang, C. (2016). Clothing and Textiles Research Journal. https://doi.org/10.1177/0887302X16647124
Shahid-ul-Islam, Shahid, M., & Mohammad, F. (2013). Perspectives for natural product based agents derived from industrial plants in textile applications – A review. Journal of Cleaner Production, 57, 2–18.
Prabhu, K. H., & Teli, M. D. (2011). Eco-dyeing using Tamarindus indica L. seed coat tannin as a natural mordant for textiles with antibacterial activity. Journal of Saudi Chemical Society, 1, 1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jscs.2011.10.014
Rane, S., Hate, M., Hande, P., Ajitkumar, B. S., & Datar, A. (2017). Dyeing of cotton with Tectona grandis leaves and Terminalia arjuna bark extracts. International Journal of Textile Science, 6(2), 72–77.
Haji, A. (2019). Natural dyeing of wool with henna and yarrow enhanced by plasma treatment and optimized with response surface methodology. Journal of the Textile Institute, 1–9.
Reeves, R. D. (2003). Tropical hyperaccumulators of metals and their potential for phytoextraction. Plant and Soil, 249, 57–65.
van der Ent, A., Erskine, P. D., & Sumail, S. (2015). Ecology of nickel hyperaccumulator plants from ultramafic soils in Sabah (Malaysia). Chemoecology, 25, 243–259.
Cunningham, A. B., et al. (2011). Hanging by a thread: Natural metallic mordant processes in traditional Indonesian textiles. Economic Botany, 65, 241–259. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12231-011-9161-4
Oda, H. (2012). Improvement of light fastness of natural dye: effect of ultraviolet absorbers containing benzotriazolyl moiety on the photofading of red carthamin. Coloration Technology, 128(2), 108–113.
Mansour, H. F., & Heffernan, S. (2011). Environmental aspects on dyeing silk fabric with sticta coronata lichen using ultrasonic energy and mild mordants. Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy, 13, 207–213.
Foo, K. Y., & Hameed, B. H. (2010). Insights into the modeling of adsorption isotherm systems. Chemical engineering journal, 156(1), 2–10.
Mansour, H. F., & Heffernan, S. (2011). Environmental aspects on dyeing silk fabric with Sticta coronate lichen using ultrasonic energy and mild mordants. Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy, 13, 207–213.
Adeel, S., Amin, N., Fazal-ur-Rehman, T. A., Batool, F., & Hassan, A. (2020). Sustainable isolation of natural dyes from plant wastes for textiles. Chapter June 2020. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119620532.ch17
Adeel, S., Naseer, K., Javed, S., Mahmmod, S., Tang, R. C., Amin, N., & Naz, S. (2020). Microwave-assisted improvement in dyeing behavior of chemical and bio-mordanted silk fabric using safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L) extract. Journal of Natural Fibers, 17(1), 55–65.
Adeel, S., Rehman, F. U., Hameed, A., Habib, N., Kiran, S., Zia, K. M., & Zuber, M. (2018). Sustainable extraction and dyeing of microwave-treated silk fabric using arjun bark colorant. Journal of Natural Fibers, 17, 1–14.
Adeel, S., Zia, K. M., Abdullah, M., Rehman, F. U., Salman, M., & Zuber, M. (2018). Ultrasonic assisted improved extraction and dyeing of mordanted silk fabric using neem bark as source of natural colourant. Natural Product Research, 33(14), 2060–2072.
Dawson, T. L. (2009). Biosynthesis and synthesis of natural colours. Coloration Technology, 125, 61–73.
Kim, D. H., Kim, J. H., Bae, S. E., Seo, J. H., Oh, T. K., & Lee, C. H. (2005). Enhancement of natural pigment extraction using Bacillus species xylanase. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 53, 2541–2545.
Cho, Y. J., Kim, S. Y., Kim, J., Choe, E. K., Kim, S. I., & Shin, H. J. (2006). One-step enzymatic synthesis of blue pigments from geniposide for fabric dyeing. Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering, 11, 230.
Lu, Y., Wang, L., Xue, Y., Zhang, C., **ng, X.-H., Lou, K., Zhang, Z., Li, Y., Zhang, G., & Bi, J. (2009). Production of violet pigment by a newly isolated psychrotrophic bacterium from a glacier in **njiang, China. Biochemical Engineering Journal, 43, 135–141.
Cho, Y. J., Park, J. P., Hwang, H. J., Kim, S. W., Choi, J. W., & Yun, J. W. (2002). Production of red pigment by submerged culture of Paecilomyces sinclairii. Letters in Applied Microbiology, 35, 195–202.
Punrattanasin, N., et al. (2015). Silk fabric dyeing with natural dye from mangrove bark (Rhizophora apiculata Blume) extract. Industrial Crops and Products, 49, 122–129.
Shabbir, M., Islam, S. U., Bukhari, M. N., Rather, L. J., Khan, M. A., & Mohammad, F. (2017). Application of Terminalia chebula natural dye on wool fiber—evaluation of color and fastness properties. Textiles and Clothing Sustainability, 2, 1–9.
Bechtold, T., Mahmud-Ali, A., & Mussak, R. A. (2007). Reuse of ash-tree (Fraxinus excelsior L.) bark as natural dyes for textile dyeing: Process conditions and process stability. Coloration Technology, 123, 271–279.
Prusty, A. K., Das, T., Nayak, A., & Das, N. B. (2010). Colourimetric analysis and antimicrobial study of natural dyes and dyed silk. Journal of Cleaner Production, 18, 1750–1756.
Mongkholrattanasit, R., Krystufek, J., & Wiener, J. (2010). Dyeing and fastness properties of natural dyes extracted from eucalyptus leaves using padding techniques. Polymer Fiber, 11, 346–350.
Mussak, R. A. M., & Bechtold, T. (2009). Natural colorants in textile dyeing. In T. Bechtold & R. A. M. Mussak (Eds.), Handbook of natural colorants (pp. 315–337). Wiley, Chichester, UK.
Sivakumar, V., Anna, J. L., Vijayeeswarri, J., & Swaminathan, G. (2009). Ultrasound assisted enhancement in natural dye extraction from beetroot for industrial applications and natural dyeing of leather. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, 16, 782–789.
Kumar, S., Singh, J., Nanoti, S. M., & Garg, M. O. (2012). A comprehensive life cycle assessment (LCA) of Jatropha biodiesel production in India. Bioresource Technology, 110, 723–729.
Ajayebi, A., Gnansounou, E., & Raman, J. K. (2013). Comparative life cycle assessment of biodiesel from algae and jatropha: A case study of India. Bioresource Technology, 150, 429–437.
Anandhan, M., & Prabaharan, T. (2018). Environmental impacts of natural dyeing process using pomegranate peel extract as a dye. International Journal of Applied Engineering Research, 13(10), 7765–7771.
Roy Choudhury, A. K. (2014). Environmental impacts of the textile industry and its assessment through life cycle assessment. In S. Muthu (Ed.), Roadmap to sustainable textiles and clothing - environmental and social aspects of textiles and clothing supply chain (pp. 1–39). Springer.
Nieminen, E., Linke, M., Tobler, M., & Vander Beke, B. (2007). EU COST Action 628: Life cycle assessment (LCA) of textile products, ecoefficiency and definition of best available technology (BAT) of textile processing. Journal of Cleaner Production, 15(13–14), 1259–1270.
Vanessa, P., Sandrine, P., Anne, P., & Nemeshwaree, B. (2012). Comparison of methodologies for Lca processes: Application to the dyeing of cotton. In Proc. 2nd LCA Conf., no. November, pp. 6–7.
Linharesa, T., & Pessoa de Amorima, M. T. (2017). LCA of textile dyeing with Acacia Dealbata tree bark: A case study research. Procedia Engineering, 200(2017), 365–369.
Arena, M., Ciceri, N. D., Terzi, S., Bengo, I., Azzone, G., & Garetti, M. (2009). A state-of-the-art of industrial sustainability: Definitions, tools and metrics. International Journal of Product Lifecycle Management, 4(1–3), 207–251.
Raju, A. P. (2013). A value chain in Natural Dyes. Final Report (India: National Agricultural Innovation Project) Indian Council of Agricultural Research.
Senthilkumar, R. P., Bhuvaneshwari, V., Sathiyavimal, S., Amsaveni, R., Kalaiselvi, M., & Malayaman, V. (2015). Natural colours from dyeing plants for textiles. International Journal of Biosciences and Nanosciences, 2(7), 160–174.
Stegmaier, T., Linke, M., Dinkelmann, A., Von Arnim, V., & Planck, H. (2009). Environmentally friendly plasma technologies for textiles. In Sustainable textiles (pp. 155–178). Woodhead Publishing.
Angelis-Dimakis, A., Alexandratou, A., & Balzarini, A. (2016). Value chain upgrading in a textile dyeing industry. Journal of Cleaner Production, 138, 237–247.
Elsahida, K., et al. (2019). Sustainability of the use of natural dyes in the textile industry. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 399(2019), 012065. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/399/1/012065. IOP Publishing.
Dikshit, R., & Tallapragada, P. (2013). Comparative study of Monascus sanguineus and Monascus purpureus for red pigment production under stress condition. International Food Research Journal, 20, 1235–1238.
Vazquez, M., Santos, V., & Parajo, J. C. (1997). Effect of the carbon source on the carotenoid profiles of Phaffia rhodozyma strains. Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology, 19, 263–268.
Chattopadhyay, M. K., Jagannadham, M. V., Vairamani, M., & Shivaji, S. (1997). Carotenoid pigments of an antarctic psychrotrophic bacteriumMicrococcus roseus: Temperature dependent biosynthesis, structure, and interaction with synthetic membranes. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 239, 85–90.
Gong, J., Wang, F., Ren, Y., Li, Z., Zhang, J., & Li, Q. (2018). Preparation of biomass pigments and dyeing based on bioconversion. Journal of Cleaner Production, 182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.01.219
http://www.picturequotes.com/i-am-of-the-african-race-and-in-the-colour-which-is-natural-to-them-of-the-deepest-dye-and-it-is-quote-654634 (quotes for conclusion).
https://www.pinterest.com/KinksandChaos/ (quotes for conclusion).
https://www.pinterest.ie/vshirran/inspirational-quotes/ mere colour unspoiled (quotes for conclusion).
Shahid, M., & Mohammad, F. (2013). Recent advancements in natural dye applications: A review. Journal of Cleaner Production, 53, 310–331.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2023 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Radhakrishnan, S., Rajangam, R., Peruran, P. (2023). Social and Environmental Impact of Natural Dyeing. In: Muthu, S.S. (eds) Natural Dyes and Sustainability. Sustainable Textiles: Production, Processing, Manufacturing & Chemistry. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-47471-2_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-47471-2_7
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-031-47470-5
Online ISBN: 978-3-031-47471-2
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0)