Abstract
Understanding the physiological and anatomical differences between pediatric and adult patients is crucial in delivering safe anesthesia to pediatric patients. Examples of basic respiratory differences include prominent occiput, an oversized tongue, the larynx being more anteriorly cephalad, alveolar ventilation is much higher in neonates, and type I diaphragmatic muscle fibers are less, so they can get fatigued easier. These differences slowly disappear as the child grows, and the rate of disappearance of these differences differs from one child to another; thus, every pediatric patient’s anesthetic plan must be individually tailored and titrated to adapt to every child-specific need.
In Anesthesiology, it is essential to realize the three distinct phases of care: Preoperative, Intraoperative, and postoperative. The Intraoperative phase of care contains three more sub-phases of care: Induction, Maintenance, and emergence. The purpose of this chapter is to discuss how to deliver safe anesthesia to the pediatric patient population along the three different phases of care.
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Further Reading
Ellen McCann M, Kain ZN. The management of preoperative anxiety in children: an update. Anesth Analg. 2001;93(1):98–105. https://doi.org/10.1097/00000539-200107000-00022.
Lalwani K. Pediatric anesthesia: a problem-based learning approach. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2018.
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Overview of mechanical ventilation in neonates. UpToDate. n.d. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/overview-of-mechanical-ventilation-in-neonates. Accessed 5 Oct 2022.
Phillips NM, Street M, Kent B, Haesler E, Cadeddu M. Post-anesthetic discharge scoring criteria: key findings from a systematic review. Int J Evid Based Healthcare. 2013;11(4):275–84. https://doi.org/10.1111/1744-1609.12044.
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Mohamed, S. (2024). Practical Tips for Managing Pediatric Anesthesia. In: Amin, D., Marwan, H. (eds) Pearls and Pitfalls in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-47307-4_7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-47307-4_7
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