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Sensors for Heavy Metals and Dyes Detection for Water Analysis

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  • First Online:
Handbook of Nanosensors

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Abstract

Today, the amount of pollutants in water is increasing worldwide. When heavy metals and dyes are present in aquatic environments more than the World Health Organization’s (WHO) allowed limits, issues can arise for both aquatic life and humans. Most water resources are contaminated by these highly toxic, carcinogenic, and nonbiodegradable contaminants, which cause serious health problems, including hypersensitivity reactions. To detect or quantify these pollutants, several analytical techniques have been developed, including highly sensitive, selective, fast, low-cost, simple to use, and accurate sensors. The detection methods can be mainly classified into three categories: spectroscopic, electrochemical, and optical sensors. The detection of various pollutants, their concentration ranges, and their detection limits using different sensors with different compositions are presented. There are now well-defined nano-sensors with a variety of forms and functionalities thanks to recent advances in material science, which have rekindled this subject. Semiconductors, MXenes, noble metal nanoparticles, and porous nanomaterials have been used in sensor development. With various devices that have the proper functionalization, this chapter briefly introduces the most current developments in heavy metals and dyes sensing. Additionally, the efficient simultaneous identification of binary and multi-mixed samples was studied. The difficulties and the direction of this era’s future are finally discussed.

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Abbreviations

AAS:

Atomic absorption spectroscopy

AFS:

Atomic fluorescence spectroscopy

ASV:

Anodic strip** voltammetry

AuNPs:

Gold nanoparticles

BTS:

Benzothiazole azo dye sensor

CDs:

Carbon dots

CHPMs:

Carboxyl-functionalized hollow polymer microspheres

CME:

Chemically modified electrodes

CNTs:

Carbon nanotubes

COFs:

Covalent organic frameworks

CPs:

Cellulose/PAN composite films

CS:

Chitosan

CV:

Cyclic voltammetry

DBP:

Dibutyl phthalate

Dith:

Dithizone

DOA:

Di-(2-ethylhexyl) adipate

DPV:

Differential pulse voltammetry

ECL:

Electrochemiluminescence

EIS:

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy

EPA:

Environmental protection agency

ErGO:

Electrochemically reduced graphene oxide

FL:

Fluorescent

GaN:

Gallium nitride

GCE:

Glassy carbon electrode

GQDs:

Graphene quantum dots

HMIs:

Heavy metal ions

ICP-AES:

Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy

ICP-MS:

Inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy

ICP-OES:

Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy

IC-UV-vis:

Ion chromatography ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy

ISEs:

Ion-selective electrodes

LIBS:

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy

LMOFs:

Luminescent metal-organic framework compounds

LOD:

Limit of detection

MG:

Malachite green

MOF:

Metal-organic framework

MWCNT:

Multiwall carbon nanotubes

PAN:

1-(2-Pyridylazo)-2-naphthol

PEG:

Polyethylene glycol

QDs:

Quantum dots

rGO:

Reduced graphene oxide

RhB:

Rhodamine B

RSDs:

Relative standard deviations

SDLSV:

Second-derivative linear sweep voltammograms

SPCE:

Screen-printed carbon electrode

SPR:

Surface plasmon resonance

SSA:

Specific surface area

SWASV:

Square wave anodic strip** voltammetry

SWCNT:

Single-wall carbon nanotubes

SWV:

Square wave voltammetry

TAN:

1-(2-Thiazolylazo)-2-naphthol

TPP:

Tetraphenylporphyrin

WHO:

World Health Organization

XRF:

X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Processes Design and Development Department, Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute (EPRI), Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt

    Enas Amdeha

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  1. Enas Amdeha
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Correspondence to Enas Amdeha .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Chemistry Department, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, Egypt

    Gomaa A. M. Ali

  2. Faculty of Industrial Sciences and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang Al-Sultan Abdullah, Pekan, Malaysia

    Kwok Feng Chong

  3. President at EMC3 LLC, West Hartford, CT, CT, USA

    Abdel Salam H. Makhlouf

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Amdeha, E. (2024). Sensors for Heavy Metals and Dyes Detection for Water Analysis. In: Ali, G.A.M., Chong, K.F., Makhlouf, A.S.H. (eds) Handbook of Nanosensors. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-47180-3_64

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