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Social Network Analysis—Identifying Women’s Socio-Political Roles

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Visualizing History’s Fragments

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Abstract

Strategic marriages were a key alliance formation tactic throughout the early modern world, and Algeria was no exception. Therefore, this chapter examines local women’s roles in Ottoman-Algerian society and politics. Through text mining to identify both named and unnamed individuals and data visualization to illustrate their relationships, unnamed women appear in the socio-political network despite their absence in the archival record. Quantitative measures of the social network reveal women’s positions within the structure of Ottoman-Algerian society. Analyzing individual lives, relationships, and the underlying structures that made up the Ottoman-Algerian network in Constantine between 1567 and 1837, highlights the ways in which Algerian women were essential intercultural mediators and conduits to power.

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Further Reading

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  • See also: https://jhnr.uni.lu/index.php/jhnr

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  1. University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA

    Ashley R. Sanders

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Appendices

Appendix A: Data Set Sources

Al-ʿAntarī, Ṣāliḥ Ibn Muḥammad. Farīdah manīsah [sic] fī ḥāl dukhūl al-Turk balad Qusanṭīnah wa-istīlāʾihim ʻalā awṭānihimā, aw, Tāʾrīkh Qusanṭīnah. Edited by Yaḥyā Bū ʿAzīz. Algeria: Dīwān al-Maṭbūʿāt al-Jāmiʿiyyah, 1991.

Arvieux, Laurent d’. Mémoires du chevalier d’Arvieux. Vol. 5. 5 vols. Paris: C.-J.-B. Delespine, 1735.

Benhazer, Maurice. “La Jeanne d’Arc des Hanencha.” L’Afrique du Nord illustrée: journal hebdomadaire d’actualités nord-africaines: Algérie, Tunisie, Maroc. January 8, 1927. Bibliothèque nationale de France, département Droit, économie, politique, JO-50607. Bibliothèque Francophone Numérique. https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k57832223.

Feraud, Laurent-Charles. “Les Harar.” Revue africaine: journal des travaux de la Société historique algérienne, no. 105 (1874): 191–236.

Gaïd, Mouloud. Chronique des beys de Constantine. Algeria: Office des publications universitaires, 1978.

Grammont, Henrie-Delmas. Histoire d’Alger sous la domination turque (1515–1830). Paris: E. Leroux, 1887.

Grangaud, Isabelle. “La ville imprenable: histoire sociale de Constantine au XVIIème siècle.” A.N.R.T, Université de Lille III, 1998.

Ibn Masbāḥ, Fāṭimah. “Idārat al-awqāf fī l-Jazāʾir awākhir al-ʿahd al-ʿUthmānī wa-bidāyat al-iḥtilāl al-Faransī.” Master’s Thesis, University of Biskra, 2015.

Mercier, Ernest. Histoire de Constantine. Constantine, Algeria: J. Marle et F. Biron, 1903.

Peyssonnel, Jean-André. Voyages dans les Régences de Tunis et d’Alger. Fragmens d’un voyage dans les régences de Tunis et d’Alger, fait de 1783 à 1786. Paris: Librairie de Gide, Editeur des Annales des Voyages, 1838. https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k62092947.

Qushshī, Fāṭimah al-Zahrāʾ. “Dawāʾir Al-Muṣāhirāt Fī Qusanṭīnah Maʿ Nihāyat al-Qarn al-Thāmin ʿashar.” Insāniyyāt 19–20 (2003): 7–18.

Shaler, William. Sketches of Algiers, Political, Historical, and Civil: Containing an Account of the Geography, Population, Government, Revenues, Commerce, Agriculture, Arts, Civil Institutions, Tribes, Manners, Languages, and Recent Political History of That Country. Boston: Cummings, Hilliard and company, 1826. http://archive.org/details/sketchesofalgier00shal.

Shaw, Thomas. Travels, or Observations Relating to Several Parts of Barbary and the Levant. Oxford: Printed at the Theatre, 1738.

Tassy, Laugier de. Histoire du royaume d’Alger, Amsterdam: Chez Henri du Sauzet, 1725.

Tassy, Laugier de. A Compleat History of the Piratical States of Barbary: Viz. Algiers, Tunis, Tripoli, and Morocco. Containing the Origin, Revolutions, and Present State of These Kingdoms, Their Forces, Revenues, Policy and Commerce. Illustrated with a Plan of Algiers, and a Map of Barbary. By a Gentleman Who Resided There Many Years in a Public Character. R. Griffiths, at the Dunciad in St. Paul’s Church-Yard, 1750.

Vayssettes, Eugène. Histoire de Constantine Sous La Domination Turque de 1517 à 1837. Bibliothèque d’histoire Du Maghreb. Saint-Denis: Bouchene, 1867.

———. Histoire des derniers beys de Constantine: depuis 1793 jusqu’à la chute de Hadj-Ahmed. Alger: Grand-Alger-Livres, 2005.

Yūsfī, Ṣarhūdah. “Al-Nisāʾ Wa-l-Malakiyyah Fī Madīnat Qusanṭīnah Awākhir al-Ḥukm al-ʿUthmānī, 1787-1837m.” Majallat Al-ʿulūm al-Insāniyyah / Revue Des Sciences Humaines 40 (December 2013): 397–416.

Appendix B: How to Recreate the Graphs in Gephi

  1. 1.

    From your starting, random layout, select ForceAtlas 2 from the Layout dropdown and use the following settings. Set Scaling to 1.2 and check “LinLog mode.” Let the algorithm run for a few seconds before selecting the “Prevent Overlap” option.

  2. 2.

    Let the algorithm run until the nodes appear to have settled then select “Prevent Overlap.”

  3. 3.

    Let the algorithm run for another second and then press Stop.

  4. 4.

    To change the color and size of the nodes, follow along with the tutorial embedded in the ebook or the video tutorials that correspond to this chapter online (Fig. 8.13).

Fig. 8.13
A screenshot of a layout window. Force Atlas 2 is selected in a dropdown menu. The threads number is given as 11. A run button is given at the top right.

Layout options to re-create graph modeled in the chapter. After selecting Force Atlas 2 from the layout options in the lower left menu, you will see the menu shown above appear. Use the same settings shown in the image to create a graph that looks similar to the one shown in Fig. 8.6. Then color the nodes by Gender, as shown in the video tutorial

Full size image

Appendix C: How to Identify and Analyze Components

  1. 1.

    In your main graph (Overview tab) on Gephi, run the “Connected Components” algorithm under Statistics in the right-side menu (shown in Fig. 8.14).

    Fig. 8.14
    A screenshot of a context window with a statistics tab open below. The number of nodes is 182 and the edges are 208. A connected components overview is highlighted below.

    Step 1. Run Connected Components algorithm from the Statistics menu

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  2. 2.

    This will tell you how many components a disconnected network contains.

  3. 3.

    It will also assign each node to one of the detected components and give it a component identification number.

  4. 4.

    Select the Data Laboratory tab in the upper left corner of the interface and click on the Component column header to sort by that column, as shown in Fig. 8.15. The largest component in our graph is identified as Component 0.

    Fig. 8.15
    A screenshot of a spreadsheet of Ottoman Constantine social network version 2. It lists the columns such as I D, labels, gender, ethnicity, and component I D. The component I D column is highlighted.

    Step 4. In the Data Laboratory tab, sort the Component ID column to determine which component you are interested in viewing and analyzing

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  5. 5.

    Switch back to the Overview tab, which shows the graph view, and select the Filter menu in the right sidebar.

  6. 6.

    In the Filters menu, select Attributes > Equal > Component ID.

  7. 7.

    Drag Component ID to the Queries section below the Filters section.

  8. 8.

    In the Queries menu, select Equal > Parameters > column: Component ID (Fig. 8.16).

    Fig. 8.16
    A screenshot of a context window with a filters tab open below. The number of nodes is 87 and the edges are 119. A line with the component I D is highlighted below.

    Settings to filter the larger graph and view only the largest component. In this case study, the largest component is identified as 0

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  9. 9.

    In the settings for this query, which now appear at the bottom of the column, enter 0 as the Component ID value to view the largest component subgraph.

  10. 10.

    Click the Filter button in the bottom right corner. This will reduce the graph to the subgraph identified as Component 0.

  11. 11.

    To analyze this component by itself, click the middle button to export this filtered graph to a new workspace (see Fig. 8.17).

    Fig. 8.17
    A screenshot of a window with the filters tab open. A button to export the graph is highlighted in the menu given below.

    Click the button highlighted in orange to export the filtered graph to its own workspace to be able to analyze it on its own

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  12. 12.

    Finally, you can run statistics just for this component and view the results in the Data Laboratory tab (Fig. 8.18).

    Fig. 8.18
    A screenshot of a spreadsheet graph of Ottoman Constantine social network version 2. The context including statistics such as average degree and graph density is given on the right.

    Overview of the component graph. Now, you can run any desired statistics for this component alone

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Sanders, A.R. (2024). Social Network Analysis—Identifying Women’s Socio-Political Roles. In: Visualizing History’s Fragments. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-46976-3_8

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