Abstract
The emerging Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) focuses on smart technology, artificial intelligence, and robotics. Education systems must prepare students for a world where digital–physical artifacts prevail. Education 4.0 is an approach that aims to align with the 4IR, where learner critical skills include complex problem-solving and that involves designing new learning progressions and integrating technology skills into school curricula. This chapter addresses such needs, specifically that of designing a learning progression in geometry where geometrical skills are developed within dynamic geometry environments. In particular, we focus on how dynamic geometry (DG) skills can be progressively developed into cognitive learners’ digital skills that harmonize tensions between visual–spatial reasoning and geometrical–theoretic reasoning, through exploring didactical functionalities in different DG problem-based task designs. This approach illustrates a possible prototypical learning progression that makes use of digital curriculum resources (DCRs) to create integrated learners’ digital skills for mathematical reasoning.
Notes
- 1.
With didactical functionalities we mean those properties (or characteristics) of a given ICT, and/or its (or their) modalities of employment, which may favor or enhance teaching/learning processes according to a specific educational goal.
- 2.
It is possible to construct a segment of a certain length in most DG programs, but the menu can be modified in such a way to make it suitable for elementary geometrical construction.
- 3.
The expression open problem refers to a task stated in a form such that the solvers do not have specific instructions to be followed: they are left free to explore the problem and draw their own conclusions. The question does not suggest, reveal or anticipate the solution, which may not be unique. Often the resolution process can lead the solver to the formulation of a conjecture expressed as a conditional statement after a (physical or mental) exploration of the situation. (c.f., Arsac et al. 1991; Silver 1995).
References
Antonini S, Baccaglini-Frank A (2016) Maintaining dragging and the pivot invariant in processes of conjecture generation. In: Csíkos C, Rausch A, Szitányi J (eds) Proceedings of the 40th conference of the international group for the psychology of mathematics education, vol 2. PME, Szeged, pp 19–26. https://doi.org/10.48550/ar**v.1605.02582
Arsac G, Germain G, Mante M (1991) Problème ouvert et situation-problème. Université Claude Bernard Lyon I
Arzarello F, Olivero F, Paola D, Robutti O (2002) A cognitive analysis of dragging practices in Cabri environments. Zentralblatt fur Didaktik der Mathematik/Int Rev Math Educ 34(3):66–72. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02655708
Assude T, Grugeon B, Laborde C, Soury-Lavergne S (2006) Study of a teacher professional problem: how to take into account the instrumental dimension when using Cabri-geometry. In: Hoyles C, Lagrange J-B, Son L-H, Sinclair N (eds) Proceedings of the seventeenth ICMI study conference “technologyrevisited” (Part 2). Hanoi Institute ofTechnology, pp 317–325
Baccaglini-Frank A (2019) Dragging, instrumented abduction and evidence in processes of conjecture generation in a DGE. ZDM 51(5):779–791. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11858-019-01046-8
Baccaglini-Frank A, Antonini S (2016) From conjecture generation by maintaining dragging to proof. In: Csíkos C, Rausch A, Szitányi J (eds) Proceedings of the 40th conference of the international group for the psychology of mathematics education, vol 2. PME, Szeged, pp 43–50. https://arxiv.org/abs/1605.02583
Baccaglini-Frank A, Mariotti MA (2010) Generating conjectures in dynamic geometry: the maintaining dragging model. Int J Comput Math Learn 15(3):225–253. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10758-010-9169-3
Baccaglini-Frank A, Antonini S, Leung A, Mariotti MA (2013) Reasoning by contradiction in dynamic geometry. PNA 7(2):63–73. http://hdl.handle.net/10481/22368
Baccaglini-Frank A, Antonini S, Leung A, Mariotti MA (2018) From pseudo-objects in dynamic explorations to proof by contradiction. Digital Experiences Math Educ 4(2–3):87–109. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40751-018-0039-2
Battista MT (2007) The development of geometric and spatial thinking. In: Lester FK Jr (ed) Second handbook of research on mathematics teaching and learning, 2. Information Age Publishing, pp 843–908
Battista MT (2008) Development of the shape maker geometry microworld: design principles and research. In: Blume G, Heid MK (eds) Research on technology and the teaching and learning of mathematics: cases and perspectives, vol 2. Information Age Publishing, pp 341–362
Battista MT, Frazee LM, Winer ML (2018) Analyzing the relation between spatial and geometric reasoning for elementary and middle school students. In: Mix K, Battista M (eds) Visualizing mathematics. Research in mathematics education. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-98767-5_10
Bruce CD, Davis B, Sinclair N, McGarvey L, Hallowell D, Drefs M et al (2017) Understanding gaps in research networks: using “spatial reasoning” as a window into the importance of networked educational research. Educ Stud Math 95(2):143–161. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10649-016-9743-2
Cerulli M, Pedemonte B, Robotti E (2006) An integrated perspective to approach technology in mathematics education. In: Bosh M (ed) Fourth Congress of the European Society for Research in mathematics education (CERME 4). IQS Fundemi Business Institute, pp 1389–1399. https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00190391
Davis B, Spatial Reasoning Study Group (2015) Spatial reasoning in the early years: principles, assertions, and speculations, 1st edn. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315762371
Fischbein E (1993) The theory of figural concepts. Educ Stud Math 24(2):139–162. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01273689
Healy L (2000) Identifying and explaining geometric relationship: interactions with robust and soft Cabri constructions. In: Nakahara T, Koyama M (eds) Proceedings of the 24th conference of the International Group for the Psychology of mathematics education, vol I. Hiroshima University, pp 103–117
Healy L, Hoyles C (2001) Software tools for geometrical problem solving: potentials and pitfalls. Int J Comput Learn Math 6:235–256. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1013305627916
Højsted IH, Mariotti MA (2021) Signs emerging from students’ work on a designed dependency task in dynamic geometry. In: Sustainable mathematics education in a digitalized world. Proceedings of MADIF12. The twelfth research seminar of the Swedish Society for Research in Mathematics Education, pp 111–120
Hölzl R (1996) How does ‘dragging’ affect the learning of geometry. Int J Comput Math Learn 1(2):169–187. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00571077
Hoyles C, Jones K (1998) Proof in dynamic geometry contexts. In: Mammana C, Villani V (eds) Perspectives on the teaching of geometry for the 21st century. Kluwer, pp 121–128. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5226-6
Jones K, Tzekaki M (2016) Research on the teaching and learning of geometry. In: Gutiérrez A, Leder G, Boero P (eds) The second handbook of research on the psychology of mathematics education: the journey continues. Sense Publishers, pp 109–149. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6300-561-6
Laborde C (1998) Relationships between the spatial and theoretical in geometry: the role of computer dynamic representations in problem solving. In: Tinsley D, Johnson DC (eds) Information and communications technologies in school mathematics. IFIP — the International Federation for Information Processing. Springer, pp 183–194. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-35287-9_22
Laborde C (2005) Robust and soft constructions: two sides of the use of dynamic geometry environments. In: Chu SC, Yang WC, Lew HC (eds) Proceedings of the tenth Asian technology conference in mathematics. Advanced Technology Council in Mathematics, pp 22–35
Laborde C, Laborde JM (2014) Dynamic and tangible representations in mathematics education. In: Rezat S, Hattermann M, Peter-Koop A (eds) Transformation – a fundamental idea of mathematics education. Springer, pp 187–202. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-3489-4_10
Laborde JM, Strässer R (1990) Cabri-géomètre: a microworld of geometry for discovery learning. Zentralblatt für Didaktik der Mathematik 90(5):171–177
Laborde C, Kynigos C, Hollebrands K, Strässer R (2006) Teaching and learning geometry with technology. In: Gutierrez A, Boero P (eds) Handbook of research in the psychology of mathematics education. Sense Publishers, pp 275–304. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789087901127_011
Leung A (2008) Dragging in a dynamic geometry environment through the lens of variation. Int J Comput Math Learn 13:135–157. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10758-008-9130-x
Leung A, Lopez-Real F (2002) Theorem justification and acquisition in dynamic geometry: a case of proof by contradiction. Int J Comput Math Learn 7:145–165
Leung A, Baccaglini-Frank A, Mariotti MA (2013) Discernment of invariants in dynamic geometry environments. Educ Stud Math 84(3):439–460. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10649-013-9492-4
Mariotti MA (2000) Introduction to proof: the mediation of a dynamic software environment. Educ Stud Math 44:25–53. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1012733122556
Miragliotta E (2022) Geometric prediction: a framework to gain insight into solvers’ geometrical reasoning. J Math Behav 65:100927. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmathb.2021.100927
Miragliotta E, Baccaglini-Frank A (2021) Enhancing the skill of geometric prediction using dynamic geometry. Mathematics 9(8):821. https://doi.org/10.3390/math9080821
Noss R, Hoyles C (1996) Windows on mathematical meanings learning cultures and computers. Kluwer Academic Publishers
Presmeg NC (2006) Research on visualization in learning and teaching mathematics. In: Gutiérrez A, Boero P (eds) Handbook of research on the psychology of mathematics education. Sense Publishers, pp 205–235. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789087901127_009
Prusak N, Hershkowitz R, Schwarz BB (2012) From visual reasoning to logical necessity through argumentative design. Educ Stud Math 79(1):19–40. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10649-011-9335-0
Silver EA (1995) The nature and use of open problems in mathematics education: mathematical and pedagogical perspectives. Zentralblatt fur Didaktik der Mathematik/Int Rev Math Educ 27(2):67–72
Sinclair N, Moss J (2012) The more it changes, the more it becomes the same: the development of the routine of shape identification in dynamic geometry environment. Int J Educ Res 51:28–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijer.2011.12.009
Sinclair N, Robutti O (2013) Technology and the role of proof: the case of dynamic geometry. In: Clements M, Bishop A, Keitel C, Kilpatrick J, Leung F (eds) Third international handbook of mathematics education. Springer, pp 571–596. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-4684-2_19
Sinclair N, Bartolini Bussi MG, de Villiers M, Jones K, Kortenkamp U, Leung A, Owens K (2016) Recent research on geometry education: an ICME-13 survey team report. ZDM – Int J Math Educ 43:325–336. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11858-016-0796-6
Talmon V, Yerushalmy M (2004) Understanding dynamic behavior: parent–child relations in dynamic geometry environments. Educ Stud Math 57(1):91–119. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:EDUC.0000047052.57084.d8
Van Hiele PM (1959/1986) The child’s thought and geometry. In: Fuys D, Geddes D, Tishchler R (eds) English translation of selected writings of Dina van Hiele-Geldof and Pierre M. van Hiele. Brooklyn College, pp 243–252
Vygotsky LS (1978) Mind in society. The development of higher psychological processes. Harvard University Press
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Section Editor information
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2024 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this entry
Cite this entry
Leung, A., Baccaglini-Frank, A., Mariotti, M.A., Miragliotta, E. (2024). Enhancing Geometric Skills with Digital Technology: The Case of Dynamic Geometry. In: Pepin, B., Gueudet, G., Choppin, J. (eds) Handbook of Digital Resources in Mathematics Education. Springer International Handbooks of Education. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-45667-1_15
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-45667-1_15
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-031-45666-4
Online ISBN: 978-3-031-45667-1
eBook Packages: EducationReference Module Humanities and Social SciencesReference Module Education