Abstract
China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) includes a web of investment programs that seek to develop infrastructure and promote economic integration within partner countries. As of July 15, 2022, 147 countries are part of the initiative. The BRI is China’s way to build connectivity and cooperation across economic corridors. While Argentina was not a member of the BRI, in February 2022, decided to sign a memorandum of understanding. This further strengthens the bilateral relationship between the two countries. Since the establishment of their diplomatic relationship nearly 50 years ago, China and Argentina have respected and supported each other on issues of principle concerning each other's fundamental interests. The bilateral relations between both countries are examined through the perspective of Argentina to face future challenges for China-Argentina relations disadvantaging Taiwan relations with Argentina and Taiwan’s position in Latin America. Diplomatic relations between Argentina and the Republic of China (ROC) started in 1945; however, it was terminated by Argentina on 19 February 1972. In the same year, ROC closed its embassy in Buenos Aires and established the “Oficina Comercial de Taiwán” or “Taiwan Trade Office” in 1973 to strengthen their bilateral relations.
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Notes
- 1.
In 2009, a private company “isolux” submitted to the Ministry of Environment and Control of Sustainable Development of the province of Chubut, the Environmental Impact Study of the Loma Blanca Wind Farm (Ecotécnica, 2009), which received the environmental license through Provision 179/10 that issues the corresponding Environmental Impact Declaration. According to the update of the project, the Wind Farm would consist of 67 wind turbines of 3 MW of unit power arranged in 4 independent groups: Loma Blanca I (51 MW), Loma Blanca II (48 MW), Loma Blanca III (51 MW), and Loma Blanca IV (51 MW), resulting in a total installed capacity of 201 MW. The 4 groups of wind turbines would converge on the same Transformer Substation, from where the energy generated would be evacuated through a 132 kV High Voltage Line in double triplet to the Puerto Madryn Transformer Station operated by Transpa, for its incorporation into the System Interconnection Agency (SADI). Details on the Environmental Impact Study can be found here: http://www.ambiente.chubut.gov.ar/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/2-EIA-Parque-Eólico-Loma-Blanca-V-y-VI-Cap2-Descripción-del-Proyecto-Rev0.pdf.
- 2.
CAMMESA (Argentine Wholesale Electricity Market Clearing Company) (Spanish: Compañía Administradora del Mercado Eléctrico Mayorista S.A.) is an Argentinian company which operates the wholesale energy market of the country. It was created by Executive Decree in 1992 to operate the Argentine Interconnection system, planning the power generation required and managing energy dispatch by generators, and for regulation of the spot and term wholesale electric energy markets. Despite being a private enterprise, as the retail electricity sector in Argentina faces heavy state regulation including low tariffs, the company has been dependent on public subsidies for years. Energy generation costs are not fully passed through to final customers. The spread between the generation cost and the fixed tariffs is covered by CAMMESA, which then makes the company dependent on public subsidies to compensate the generation companies. Also, starting from 2013, all thermal power generation companies are required to buy any required fuel through CAMMESA. This restriction was only removed for a short period between November 2018 and December 2019, when it was last put in force again.
- 3.
Argentina-China Framework Agreement for Cooperation in the Field of Space Activities, which was signed on 4 February 2015, and entered into force on July 24, 2020. Under this agreement, the two sides will promote co-operation in the exploitation and uses of outer space for peaceful purposes, on the basis of mutual benefit and in accordance with relevant laws, regulations, and multi-lateral agreements. Co-operation is encouraged in the following areas: (i) mutually interested space science and deep space exploration projects; (ii) joint development of spacecrafts; (iii) joint development of space-born instruments; (iv) ground infrastructure for spacecrafts research and development; (v) ground stations construction and operation for receiving, tracking, telemetry, and control of spacecrafts; (vi) launch, tracking and control services for spacecrafts, including in-orbit tasking and management; (vii) co-operation in satellite telecommunication, satellite navigation, and satellite remote sensing applications; and (viii) other areas agreed by the parties. Official website of Argentina’s Ministry of External Relations, international Trade and Worship https://www.cancilleria.gob.ar/es/actualidad/noticias/argentina-y-china-profundizan-la-cooperacion-en-materia-espacial-energia-nuclear.
- 4.
Long March 5 (LM-5; Chinese: 长征五号; pinyin: Chángzhēng wǔ hào), or Changzheng 5 (CZ-5), and also by its nickname “Pang-Wu” (胖五, “Fat-Five”), is a Chinese heavy-lift launch vehicle developed by the China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology (CALT). It is the first Chinese launch vehicle designed to use exclusively non-hypergolic liquid propellants. It is the fifth iteration of the Long March rocket family.
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Moraiti, A. (2024). An Analysis of the Relations Between China, Taiwan, and Argentina and the Belt and Road Initiative. In: Veney, C.R., Abidde, S.O. (eds) China and Taiwan in Latin America and the Caribbean. Studies of the Americas. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-45166-9_13
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