The Impact of Animals on Secondary Trauma

Abstract

The presence of animals can be beneficial in managing secondary trauma. Animals can serve to reduce stress, anxiety, and depression and encourage exercise and playfulness while providing unconditional love and affection. Humans have kept pets for the purpose of stress reduction throughout history. Archaeologists have uncovered the remains of a puppy cradled in the hands of a human from as early as 10,000 BCE. Pets have been associated with health benefits including lowering of blood pressure, and in general pet owners have lower levels of cardiac disease, heart failure, strokes, and other circulatory problems. The human-animal connection enhances one’s ability to form and trust relationships. When secondary trauma produces feelings of isolation and an urge to withdraw, contact with animals can diminish the feeling of being alone and can facilitate an inclination to seek social contact with others. Animals have been used in healthcare facilities for many years and have been found to facilitate both physical and psychological healing. Numerous well-controlled empirical studies have shown the value of service animals for both civilians and veterans. The presence of animals enhances trust in the environment; increases one’s ability to experience and give love, compassion, and affection; and generally reduces negative affective states. Most of the studies on the beneficial effects of the presence of animals have relied upon self-report measures. However, studies do exist showing lower pre-post levels of cortisol following engagement with animals. A case study is presented of a VA physician who experienced extensive secondary trauma owing to the suffering she witnessed among those with serious COVID infections. This physician had tried various forms of intervention including social support groups but was most helped by the presence of her pets.