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Fabrication of Polymeric Nanomaterials

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Polymeric Nanoparticles for Bovine Mastitis Treatment

Part of the book series: Springer Series in Biomaterials Science and Engineering ((SSBSE,volume 19))

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Abstract

Nanofabrication involves the systematic framework of individual elements or molecules of inorganic or organic substances. Micelles were the first polymeric nanoparticles to be created by polymerization techniques. Multiple techniques developed for synthesizing polymeric nanoparticles, each tailored to specific needs of particular application or set of physicochemical properties of a specific drug. The process of mechanically compressing bulk substances employing template unless original size is greater than nanovalue. Top-down approaches include milling, laser ablation, etching, sputtering, and electroexplosion. The first approach devised for polymeric NPs from preformed polymer was solvent evaporation where a polar organic solvent serves to dissolve polymer and add then active component are dispersed. Emulsification-solvent evaporation is employed for polymeric NPs fabrication with dimensions of approximately 100 nm, also to acquire nanospheres or nanocapsules. Active principles dissolved or dispersed in a polymeric solution to create nanospheres, while drugs dissolved in oil followed by emulsified in an organic polymeric solution to create nanocapsules, which are then dispersed in an external phase. This method operates on the basis of polymer interfacial deposition upon transit of organic solvent passes from lipophilic to aqueous phase. Nanoparticles can be physically labeled with a tag like a dye, magnetic particle, or radioactive marker. Numerous imaging approaches, notably fluorescence microscopy, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and positron emission tomography (PET), can detect a physical identification. Methods for chemically labeling nanoparticles involve the attachment to particular functional groups that can react with target molecules or receptors such as to target particular receptors on cancer cells, scientists have coupled polymeric nanoparticles with ligands including folate, transferrin, or epidermal growth factor. Using diverse techniques, such as avidin–biotin, streptavidin–biotin, and covalent bonding, researchers have functionalized polymeric nanoparticles with antibodies that target specific cancer cells, such as breast cancer or melanoma cells.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Muhammad Nawaz Shareef University of Agriculture, Multan (MNSUAM), Multan, Pakistan

    Ali Haider

  2. Solar Cell Applications Research Lab, Department of Physics, Government College University Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan

    Muhammad Ikram

  3. Punjab University College of Pharmacy, Allama Iqbal Campus, University of the Punjab Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan

    Iram Shahzadi

  4. Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Muhammad Nawaz Shareef University of Agriculture, Multan (MNSUAM), Multan, Pakistan

    Muhammad Asif Raza

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  1. Ali Haider
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  2. Muhammad Ikram
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  4. Muhammad Asif Raza
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Correspondence to Ali Haider .

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Haider, A., Ikram, M., Shahzadi, I., Asif Raza, M. (2023). Fabrication of Polymeric Nanomaterials. In: Polymeric Nanoparticles for Bovine Mastitis Treatment. Springer Series in Biomaterials Science and Engineering, vol 19. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-39947-3_2

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