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Organized Crime in Ukraine and Its Models in Transition

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Organized Crime as Institutional Cluster

Part of the book series: SpringerBriefs in Law ((BRIEFSLAW))

Abstract

The chapter provides a conceptual map of the evolution of organized crime models in Ukraine in the context of historical changes in the state and society. Organized crime in Ukraine has gone through numerous transitions, encompassing professionally or traditionally organized criminal groups (the so-called community of ‘thieves in law’), functional racketeering groups, businessmen who accumulated their initial capital through the shadow economy, bureaucratically constructed groups from former official vertically powerful ruling circles, networks of personal or professional connections of the Soviet special services, oligarchic-clan pyramidal structures and amorphous delocalized cyber entities. Each of these transitions is addressed in one or another level of detail in the following pages. The chapter also includes quantitative observations of organized crime in transition from 1991–2022, based on official statistical data on the dynamics, structure and geographical distribution of organized crime considering exclusions and incomplete data from the illegitimately annexed or occupied regions of the country.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Melnyk (2019).

  2. 2.

    See Dryomin (2002), Dryomin (2004).

  3. 3.

    Kupatadze (2010), p. 47.

  4. 4.

    See Zharovska (2015), Lyzohub (2004), Busol (2019).

  5. 5.

    T—traditional model, B—bureaucratic model, E—economic model, N—social network model, I—informational model.

  6. 6.

    See Abadinsky (1981), Albini (1971), Yarmysh (ed) (2002), Kalynovskyi and Remskyi (2010).

  7. 7.

    See Cressey (1969), Shakun (1997).

  8. 8.

    See Smith (1975), Moore (1987), Haller (1990), Block (1991).

  9. 9.

    See Ianni (1972), Ianni (1974), Coles (2001).

  10. 10.

    See Choo and Smith (2008), Broadhurst et al. (2014).

  11. 11.

    Hanlon (2018).

  12. 12.

    Armao (2014), p. 134.

  13. 13.

    General Prosecutor’s Office of Ukraine (2023a).

  14. 14.

    Please see the detailed analysis in Sect. 6.2.

  15. 15.

    See Kulik (2000), Kulyk (2002).

  16. 16.

    Zakaliuk (2007), p. 284.

  17. 17.

    Odyntsova (2012), p. 59.

  18. 18.

    Dryomin (2009), p. 429.

  19. 19.

    Conventional title of the political scandal in Ukraine, erupted after the release of secret audio recordings allegedly from the office of the President of Ukraine L. Kuchma, which indicate his possible involvement in the kidnap** and murder of the opposition journalist G. Gongadze. The ‘cassette scandal’ initiated several centres of qualitatively new uncompromising opposition, showing convincing ‘lessons of the revolution that did not take place’. See Bodnarenko (2002).

  20. 20.

    The research is conducted by the Institute of Sociology of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. Respondents are invited to note in the given list those social groups that, in their opinion, play a significant role in the life of Ukrainian society. See Vorona and Shulha (eds) (2021), pp. 40–43.

  21. 21.

    Ibid.

  22. 22.

    Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine (2014).

  23. 23.

    Shostko (2021).

  24. 24.

    Pavlenko (2016), p. 77.

  25. 25.

    Please see the detailed analysis in Sect. 6.3.

  26. 26.

    Information by regions of the state on the number of organized groups and criminal organizations in relation to which criminal proceedings were investigated in accordance with the reporting form No. 1–03. General Prosecutor’s Office of Ukraine (2023b).

  27. 27.

    Data for the Autonomous Republic of Crimea were estimated for the period 2001–2011 due to the occupation of the region in 2014. Data for Donetsk and Luhansk regions since 2014 have been estimated only for parts of the territories controlled by Ukraine.

  28. 28.

    Zharovska (2014).

  29. 29.

    Donbas is a region whose title and location are derived from the Donetsk coal basin, the deposits of which began to be explored in the early eighteenth century and industrial development began in the nineteenth century. Donbas in a broad sense includes all coal mining areas: the northern part of Donetsk, southern part of Luhansk, eastern part of Dnepropetrovsk region of Ukraine (Western Donbas), as well as the western part of Rostov region of the Russian Federation.

  30. 30.

    Babenko (2014), p. 335.

  31. 31.

    Prosecutor General of Ukraine (2020).

  32. 32.

    Judicial Power in Ukraine (2023b).

  33. 33.

    Judicial Power in Ukraine (2023a).

  34. 34.

    Shostko (2021), p. 18.

  35. 35.

    Momotenko (2015).

  36. 36.

    Volkov (2014).

  37. 37.

    Toma (2020).

  38. 38.

    Hula (2009), p. 6.

  39. 39.

    Servetskyi et al. (2002), p. 241.

  40. 40.

    Boyarov (1997).

  41. 41.

    Busol and Romaniuk (2021).

  42. 42.

    Cherniavskyi (2015).

  43. 43.

    Ibid., p. 11.

  44. 44.

    Latysh (2016).

  45. 45.

    Voslenskij (1990).

  46. 46.

    Ledeneva (1996), p. 35–36.

  47. 47.

    Melnyk (2019), p. 99.

  48. 48.

    Ofitsynskyi (2005), p. 80, 99.

  49. 49.

    Kuzio (1998), p. 165.

  50. 50.

    Luneev (2005).

  51. 51.

    Williams and Picarelli (2001), p.109.

  52. 52.

    See Hrytsak (2014).

  53. 53.

    Cherenko (ed) (2006), p. 78.

  54. 54.

    Ibid., pp. 80–81.

  55. 55.

    Ibid., p. 82.

  56. 56.

    Shelley (1998), p. 648.

  57. 57.

    Kupatadze (2010), p. 47, Dryomin (2010).

  58. 58.

    Volkov (2016).

  59. 59.

    Strelkovska (2008).

  60. 60.

    Tuliakov (2002).

  61. 61.

    Segodnya (2008).

  62. 62.

    Busol and Romaniuk (2021).

  63. 63.

    Medvediev (2012), p. 115.

  64. 64.

    Strelkovska (2008), p. 78–92.

  65. 65.

    Sibircev (2015).

  66. 66.

    Dryomin (1997).

  67. 67.

    Medvediev (2012), p. 115.

  68. 68.

    Lukianchykov et al. (2021).

  69. 69.

    New Voice (2022).

  70. 70.

    European Court of Human Rights (2005).

  71. 71.

    Position at the moment of committing the crime.

  72. 72.

    Medvediev (2012), p. 113.

  73. 73.

    Busol and Romaniuk (2021).

  74. 74.

    Kalman (2001).

  75. 75.

    Dryomin (2004), p. 55.

  76. 76.

    Shelley (1998).

  77. 77.

    Dryomin (2004), p. 52–54.

  78. 78.

    Soloviov (2011).

  79. 79.

    Timco (2018).

  80. 80.

    Nichols (2012).

  81. 81.

    Busol (2011).

  82. 82.

    Yokhna (2011), p. 97.

  83. 83.

    Minakov (2019), p. 241.

  84. 84.

    Shelley (1998), p. 652.

  85. 85.

    UNIAN (2013).

  86. 86.

    Ofitsynskyi (2005), p. 293.

  87. 87.

    Horak (2016).

  88. 88.

    Symonchuk (2005).

  89. 89.

    Ionin and Lavryk (2018), p. 62.

  90. 90.

    Arkusha (2011).

  91. 91.

    Kokariev et al. (2019), p. 17.

  92. 92.

    Melnychuk (2013).

  93. 93.

    Kuzio (2005).

  94. 94.

    Holovko (2015), Kovtun (2014).

  95. 95.

    Minakov (2019), p. 241.

  96. 96.

    Federation of Trade Unions of Ukraine (2012).

  97. 97.

    Makarova (2015), p. 22.

  98. 98.

    Libanova (ed) (2015), p. 36.

  99. 99.

    Ukrainian Helsinki Human Rights Union (2012).

  100. 100.

    See Chymyrys (2012), Vesnych (2011).

  101. 101.

    Unified State Register of Court Decisions of Ukraine (2012).

  102. 102.

    See Petyuh (2012), Kyivpost (2012).

  103. 103.

    Ukrainska pravda (2013a).

  104. 104.

    Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine (2014b).

  105. 105.

    Libanova (ed) (2015), p. 36.

  106. 106.

    Rushchenko (2015), p. 210–232.

  107. 107.

    Ukrainski natsionalni novyny (2014).

  108. 108.

    Ukrainska pravda (2015).

  109. 109.

    Ekonomichna pravda (2013).

  110. 110.

    Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine (2015).

  111. 111.

    Dryomin (2020).

  112. 112.

    Losiev (2016).

  113. 113.

    International Criminal Court (2016).

  114. 114.

    District Court of the Hague (2022).

  115. 115.

    Dryomin and Zelinskaya (2011).

  116. 116.

    See Furmaniuk (2021), Polukhyna (2016).

  117. 117.

    Transparency International (2017).

  118. 118.

    Novynarnia (2016).

  119. 119.

    Libanova (ed) (2015), p.117.

  120. 120.

    Martyniuk (2017).

  121. 121.

    Minakov (2019).

  122. 122.

    VoxUkraine (2021).

  123. 123.

    Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine (2014a).

  124. 124.

    The aim of lustration ‘is to exclude persons from exercising governmental power if they cannot be trusted to exercise it in compliance with democratic principles, as they have shown no commitment to or belief in them in the past and have no interest or motivation to make the transition to them now’. Council of Europe (1996).

  125. 125.

    Venice Commission (2014).

  126. 126.

    Maslova (2020).

  127. 127.

    Livyi bereh (2015).

  128. 128.

    Pekhno (2018).

  129. 129.

    Zhartovska (2015).

  130. 130.

    Ekonomichna pravda (2015).

  131. 131.

    Dudorov et al. (2019).

  132. 132.

    Europol (2021), pp. 8, 13.

  133. 133.

    Europol (2018), p. 49.

  134. 134.

    FATF (2014).

  135. 135.

    Havlovskyi and Butuzov (2010).

  136. 136.

    Butuzov (2009).

  137. 137.

    Bilenchuk et al. (2022).

  138. 138.

    Ukrainian Internet Association (2019).

  139. 139.

    Ministry of Digital Information of Ukraine (2021).

  140. 140.

    Ukrainska pravda (2013b).

  141. 141.

    Opendatabot (2019).

  142. 142.

    PWC (2020).

  143. 143.

    Hutsaliuk (2020).

  144. 144.

    See New Voice (2018), Minfin (2013), Cyberpolice of Ukraine (2019).

  145. 145.

    United States Department of Justice (2014).

  146. 146.

    Dorosh (2013).

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    Tetiana Melnychuk

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Melnychuk, T. (2023). Organized Crime in Ukraine and Its Models in Transition. In: Organized Crime as Institutional Cluster. SpringerBriefs in Law. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-39532-1_4

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