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Multistage PD-(1+PI) Controller Design for Frequency Control of a Microgrid Considering Demand Response Program

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Smart Grid 3.0

Part of the book series: Power Systems ((POWSYS))

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Abstract

This chapter examines the load-frequency control (LFC) problem for an islanded fully-renewable microgrid (MG) that meets all users’ power demands with renewable energy sources (RESs). Islanded MGs with substantial RESs penetration face uncertainty. If we want to reap the advantages of RESs, we must equip the MG with a strong and effective control system since these sources, notably wind turbines and photovoltaic systems, are weather-dependent. For LFC, a multistage controller is designed. It removes PID controller flaws and operates quickly and reliably. The proposed controller is a Proportional Derivative (PD) cascaded with One + Proportional Integral (1+PI). The PD controllers operate as filter to speed up controller response, while PI controllers overcome steady-state error. This control approach combines these two controllers in the first and second stages to decrease steady-state error and achieve system stability faster to increase system responsiveness. Demand response programs (DRPs) make up for the MG’s lack of auxiliary services. This chapter discusses how a frequency-based control method for responsive loads in smart MGs may involve in the LFC issue. The DRP presence or absence and response loads involvement amount have been examined. The MG faces uncertainty and nonlinear variables, making LFC controller design challenging. Metaheuristic algorithms are used to find optimum controllers for the LFC issue. The particle swarm optimization with nonlinear time-varying acceleration coefficients (PSO-NTVAC) is used to find the best controller settings. To adjust for frequency variations in a 100% renewable MG, the cascade PD-(1+PI) controller is evaluated under a number of situations, including system modelling uncertainty and nonlinearity, and the existence of the DRP.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Diesel fuel with 50 ppm sulfur content.

  2. 2.

    Bottom Dead Centre.

Abbreviations

BDEG:

Biodiesel engine generator

BGTG:

Biogas turbine generator

CSP:

Concentrated solar power plant

DRP:

Demand response program

IAE:

Integral of absolute error

ISE:

Integral of square error

ITAE:

Integral of time-weighted absolute error

ITSE:

Integral of time-weighted square error

LFC:

Load-frequency control

MG:

Microgrid

MHP:

Micro-hydro power

MUS:

Maximum undershoot

PSO:

Particle swarm optimization

RES:

Renewable energy sources

ST:

Settling time

STP:

Solar thermal power

WTG:

Wind turbine generator

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Energy Management Research Center, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran

    Hossein Shayeghi & Alireza Rahnama

Authors
  1. Hossein Shayeghi
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  2. Alireza Rahnama
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Hossein Shayeghi .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. School of Electronics Engineering, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, Bhubaneswar, India

    Bhargav Appasani

  2. Faculty of Electronics Communications and Computers, The National University of Science and Technology POLITEHNICA Bucharest, Pitesti University Centre, Pitesti, Romania

    Nicu Bizon

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Shayeghi, H., Rahnama, A. (2023). Multistage PD-(1+PI) Controller Design for Frequency Control of a Microgrid Considering Demand Response Program. In: Appasani, B., Bizon, N. (eds) Smart Grid 3.0. Power Systems. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-38506-3_10

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-38506-3_10

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  • Print ISBN: 978-3-031-38505-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-031-38506-3

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