Abstract
This chapter introduces specialty crop banana, yields patterns in the world, specifically studies the yield curves in major banana-producing countries such as Ecuador, China, and India. This chapter introduces the role of bananas in global economics and employment opportunities. Next, this chapter studies nutrition and food security aspects of bananas. Additionally, this chapter provides in-depth analysis on yield influencers and provides a framework to analyze yield across the banana-producing countries. Finally, the chapter concludes with yield and climate projection models for Ecuador and India.
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Notes
- 1.
- 2.
New handbook aims to improve safety for workers in the banana farming sector—https://www.fao.org/news/story/en/item/1057662/icode/
- 3.
May, S. & Plaza, G. 1958. The United Fruit Company in Latin America. National Planning Association.
- 4.
FAOSTAT—https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QV
- 5.
What is a Specialty Crop?—https://www.ams.usda.gov/services/grants/scbgp/specialty-crop
- 6.
FAO Data—https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL
- 7.
Romanian Walnut Production Gets Shot in the Arm—https://gain.fas.usda.gov/Recent%20GAIN%20Publications/Romanian%20Walnut%20Production%20Gets%20Shot%20in%20the%20Arm_Bucharest_Romania_3-27-2019.pdf
- 8.
Banana facts and figures—https://www.fao.org/economic/est/est-commodities/oilcrops/bananas/bananafacts/en/#.Y3GAz3bMKQI
- 9.
Banana Market Review February 2020 snapshot—https://www.fao.org/3/ca9212en/ca9212en.pdf
- 10.
Split Over Bananas—How China and India are Meeting Demand Differently—https://asmith.ucdavis.edu/news/split-over-bananas-how-china-and-india-are-meeting-demand-differently
- 11.
A nutrition fact sheet—banana—https://buyeatlivebetter.org/main_documents/factsheets/factsheet%20fruit-bananas.pdf
- 12.
Pesticides use, pesticides trade and pesticides indicators—https://www.fao.org/3/cc0918en/cc0918en.pdf
- 13.
Choosing the best trendline for your data—https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/choosing-the-best-trendline-for-your-data-1bb3c9e7-0280-45b5-9ab0-d0c93161daa8#
- 14.
- 15.
India at a glance—https://www.fao.org/india/fao-in-india/india-at-a-glance/en/
- 16.
Top Banana Producing States in India—Source Nation
- 17.
Indian Production of BANANA( HSCODE-1042)—https://agriexchange.apeda.gov.in/India%20Production/India_Productions.aspx?cat=fruit&hscode=1042
- 18.
Andhra is going bananas—how India’s largest producer of the fruit is breaking own record—https://theprint.in/india/andhra-is-going-bananas-how-indias-largest-producer-of-the-fruit-is-breaking-own-record/622466/
- 19.
Bananas in India—https://oec.world/en/profile/bilateral-product/bananas/reporter/ind
- 20.
Status, Challenges and Trends of Chinese Banana Industry—https://www.actahort.org/books/897/897_1.htm
- 21.
Top Producing Banana countries—https://www.mappr.co/largest-banana-producing-countries/
- 22.
Banana in Indonesia—https://oec.world/en/profile/bilateral-product/bananas/reporter/idn
- 23.
- 24.
Ecuador’s banana sector under climate change—https://www.fao.org/markets-and-trade/publications/detail/en/c/1416943/
- 25.
Which Is the Main Banana Productive Regions in Ecuador?—https://www.tridge.com/market-guides/posts/which-are-the-main-banana-productive-regions-in-ecuador
- 26.
Ecuador’s banana sector under climate change: An economic and biophysical assessment to promote a sustainable and climate-compatible strategy—https://www.fao.org/3/i5697e/i5697e.pdf
- 27.
FAO and Partners Intensify Efforts to Help Countries Combat Banana Disease Threat – https://www.preventionweb.net/news/fao-and-partners-intensify-efforts-help-countries-combat-banana-disease-threat
- 28.
Banana Industry—https://www.corbana.co.cr/banano-de-costa-rica-2/#industria
- 29.
Costa Rica—https://www.bananalink.org.uk/partners/costa-rica/
- 30.
Costa Rica Map—https://geology.com/world/costa-rica-satellite-image.shtml
- 31.
Banana Market—https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/publication/FE901
- 32.
Wages and working conditions in the banana sector: the case of Costa Rica, Ethiopia, India, Indonesia, and Viet Nam Background no—https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/%2D%2D-ed_protect/%2D%2D-protrav/%2D%2D-travail/documents/projectdocumentation/wcms_765133.pdf
- 33.
- 34.
Some roads in Guayas, Los RÃos and El Oro woke up blocked by banana growers impacted by the conflict between Russia and Ukraine—https://www.ecuadortimes.net/some-roads-in-guayas-los-rios-and-el-oro-woke-up-blocked-by-banana-growers-impacted-by-the-conflict-between-russia-and-ukraine/
- 35.
- 36.
Banana facts and figures—https://www.fao.org/economic/est/est-commodities/oilcrops/bananas/bananafacts/en/#.Y3MPyHbMKQI
- 37.
- 38.
WALNUT LOSS ADJUSTMENT STANDARDS HANDBOOK—2019 and Succeeding Crop Years—https://www.rma.usda.gov/-/media/RMA/Handbooks/Loss-Adjustment-Standards%2D%2D-25000/Walnut/2019-25540-Walnut-Loss-Adjustment-Standards.ashx
- 39.
Global price of Bananas (PBANSOPUSDM)—https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/PBANSOPUSDM
- 40.
Producer Price Index by Industry: Nitrogenous Fertilizer Manufacturing (PCU325311325311)—https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/PCU325311325311
- 41.
Spot Crude Oil Price: West Texas Intermediate (WTI) (WTISPLC)—https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/WTISPLC
- 42.
The journey of bananas: From land to your hand—https://intrans.iastate.edu/news/the-journey-of-bananas-from-land-to-your-hand/
- 43.
- 44.
Crop Guide: Growing Banana—https://www.haifa-group.com/banana-0/crop-guide-growing-banana
- 45.
- 46.
Chinese banana industry continues slow season as temperatures remain high—https://www.freshplaza.com/north-america/article/9343463/chinese-banana-industry-continues-slow-season-as-temperatures-remain-high/
- 47.
Honduran banana exports bounce back as Ecuador struggles—https://www.freshfruitportal.com/news/2022/10/03/honduran-banana-exports-bounce-back-as-ecuador-struggles/
- 48.
- 49.
Wages and working conditions in the banana sector: the case of Costa Rica, Ethiopia, India, Indonesia, and Viet Nam—https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/%2D%2D-ed_protect/%2D%2D-protrav/%2D%2D-travail/documents/projectdocumentation/wcms_765133.pdf
- 50.
Expert System for Banana—http://www.agritech.tnau.ac.in/expert_system/banana/aboutus.html
- 51.
- 52.
SmartAir Offers In-Transit Banana Ripening—https://www.fleetowner.com/refrigerated-transporter/article/21224491/smartair-offers-intransit-banana-ripening
- 53.
Pearson Mode Skewness—https://www.statisticshowto.com/pearson-mode-skewness/
- 54.
Pearson Mode Skewness—https://www.statisticshowto.com/pearson-mode-skewness/
- 55.
Choosing the best trendline for your data—https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/choosing-the-best-trendline-for-your-data-1bb3c9e7-0280-45b5-9ab0-d0c93161daa8#
- 56.
Climate change may reduce banana yield in India—https://journosdiary.com/2019/09/03/climate-change-banana-yield-india/
- 57.
Pearson Mode Skewness—https://www.statisticshowto.com/pearson-mode-skewness/
- 58.
Long Term Relationship between Yield and Acres of U.S. Field Crops—https://farmdocdaily.illinois.edu/2017/09/long-term-relationship-between-yield-and-acres.html
- 59.
Pearson Mode Skewness—https://www.statisticshowto.com/pearson-mode-skewness/
- 60.
Pearson Mode Skewness—https://www.statisticshowto.com/pearson-mode-skewness/
- 61.
Choosing the best trendline for your data—https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/choosing-the-best-trendline-for-your-data-1bb3c9e7-0280-45b5-9ab0-d0c93161daa8#
- 62.
Banana market review 2013–2014—https://asmith.ucdavis.edu/news/split-over-bananas-how-china-and-india-are-meeting-demand-differently
- 63.
Chinese banana imports rise after Yolanda—https://www.fruitnet.com/asiafruit/chinese-banana-imports-rise-after-yolanda/160311.article
- 64.
Pearson Mode Skewness—https://www.statisticshowto.com/pearson-mode-skewness/
- 65.
Choosing the best trendline for your data—https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/choosing-the-best-trendline-for-your-data-1bb3c9e7-0280-45b5-9ab0-d0c93161daa8#
- 66.
China: Banana shortage likely in coming years, says Goodfarmer—https://www.freshfruitportal.com/news/2015/09/14/china-banana-shortage-likely-in-coming-years-says-goodfarmer/
- 67.
Long Term Relationship between Yield and Acres of U.S. Field Crops—https://farmdocdaily.illinois.edu/2017/09/long-term-relationship-between-yield-and-acres.html
- 68.
FNB News—FAO, Ecuador gov’t unveil guide to make banana workers’ conditions safer—https://www.fao.org/world-banana-forum/news/detail-events/en/c/1062778/
- 69.
Choosing the best trendline for your data—https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/choosing-the-best-trendline-for-your-data-1bb3c9e7-0280-45b5-9ab0-d0c93161daa8#
- 70.
Long Term Relationship between Yield and Acres of U.S. Field Crops—https://farmdocdaily.illinois.edu/2017/09/long-term-relationship-between-yield-and-acres.html
- 71.
Choosing the best trendline for your data—https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/choosing-the-best-trendline-for-your-data-1bb3c9e7-0280-45b5-9ab0-d0c93161daa8#
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- 73.
Fitting models to short time series—https://robjhyndman.com/hyndsight/short-time-series/
- 74.
- 75.
Modeling Short Time Series with Prior Knowledge —https://minimizeregret.com/short-time-series-prior-knowledge
- 76.
Ecuador’s banana sector under climate change—https://www.fao.org/markets-and-trade/publications/detail/en/c/1416943/
- 77.
Agricultural land (sq. km)—Ecuador—https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/AG.LND.AGRI.K2?locations=EC
- 78.
Agricultural land (% of land area)— Ecuador Food—https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/AG.LND.AGRI.ZS?locations=EC
- 79.
Philippine Banana Industry Roadmap 2019–2022—https://www.da.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Philippine-Banana-Industry-Roadmap-2019-2022.pdf
- 80.
Climate Change and Land: an IPCC special report on climate change, desertification, land degradation, sustainable land management, food security, and greenhouse gas fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems—https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/sites/4/2022/11/SRCCL_Full_Report.pdf
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Tropical Tree—Banana—https://www.rma.usda.gov/en/Fact-Sheets/Davis-Regional-Office-Fact-Sheets/Banana-Trees-2017-HI
- 82.
From Almonds To Rice, Climate Change Could Slash California Crop Yields By 2050—https://www.npr.org/sections/thesalt/2018/03/02/590056872/from-almonds-to-rice-climate-change-could-slash-california-crop-yields-by-2050
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ECUADOR—Climate Change Knowledge Portal—https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwijveOg9eb7AhVkMjQIHSWVCRQQFnoECBQQAQ&url=https%3A%2F%2Fclimateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fcountry-profiles%2F15988-WB_Ecuador%2520Country%2520Profile-WEB.pdf&usg=AOvVaw0_N8sxsZxQppybEKVtUS-7
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CMIP5—Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5—Overview—https://pcmdi.llnl.gov/mips/cmip5/
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Crop Guide: Growing Banana—https://www.haifa-group.com/banana-0/crop-guide-growing-banana
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Do we need to worry about banana blight?—https://www.bbc.com/news/business-49331286
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Banana Market Review, 2020—https://www.fao.org/3/ca9212en/ca9212en.pdf
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Banana Fusarium Wilt Tropical Race 4: A mounting threat to global banana markets—https://www.fao.org/3/CA6911EN/CA6911EN.pdf pp. 13–20
- 90.
Climate Change Portal—https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/download-data
- 91.
FAO Statistics data—https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL
- 92.
Climate Change Data—https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/download-data
- 93.
World Metrological Organization Data—https://climatedata-catalogue.wmo.int/explore
- 94.
Earth Observation Mozambique—https://www.fao.org/giews/earthobservation/country/index.jsp?lang=en&code=AUS
- 95.
- 96.
Potential of soil—moisture-estimating technology for monitoring crop yields and assessing drought impacts-case studies in the United States—https://ieeexplore-ieee-org.libaccess.sjlibrary.org/document/7801210
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Weakly Supervised Fruit Counting for Yield Estimation Using Spatial Consistency—https://ieeexplore-ieee-org.libaccess.sjlibrary.org/document/8661632
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Orchard fruit segmentation using multi-spectral feature learning—https://ieeexplore-ieee-org.libaccess.sjlibrary.org/document/6697125
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Weather Los Rios—https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/ecuador/quito
- 100.
- 101.
Mongo Harvesting—https://nhb.gov.in/pdf/fruits/mango/man004.pdf
- 102.
- 103.
Total greenhouse gas emissions (kt of CO2 equivalent)—Ecuador—https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EN.ATM.GHGT.KT.CE?end=2019&locations=EC&start=1990&view=chart
- 104.
Mexican crop supplemented with product from Ecuador banana production is typically lower at this time of the year—https://www.freshplaza.com/north-america/article/2169676/banana-production-is-typically-lower-at-this-time-of-the-year/
- 105.
How to use random forest for regression: notebook, examples and documentation—https://cnvrg.io/random-forest-regression/
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Climate Change Portal—https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/download-data
- 107.
FAO Statistics data—https://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL
- 108.
Climate Change Data—https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/download-data
- 109.
World Metrological Organization Data—https://climatedata-catalogue.wmo.int/explore
- 110.
Earth Observation Mozambique—https://www.fao.org/giews/earthobservation/country/index.jsp?lang=en&code=AUS
- 111.
- 112.
Potential of soil —moisture-estimating technology for monitoring crop yields and assessing drought impacts-case studies in the United States—https://ieeexplore-ieee-org.libaccess.sjlibrary.org/document/7801210
- 113.
Weakly Supervised Fruit Counting for Yield Estimation Using Spatial Consistency—https://ieeexplore-ieee-org.libaccess.sjlibrary.org/document/8661632
- 114.
Orchard fruit segmentation using multi-spectral feature learning—https://ieeexplore-ieee-org.libaccess.sjlibrary.org/document/6697125
- 115.
Andhra Pradesh emerges as the top banana exporter in country—https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/visakhapatnam/andhra-emerges-as-the-top-banana-exporter-in-country/articleshow/80590867.cms
- 116.
Anantapur, Kurnool, Kadapa selected for banana cluster development programme—https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/andhra-pradesh/anantapur-kurnool-kadapa-selected-for-banana-cluster-development-programme/article65306527.ece
- 117.
Uttar Pradesh: Why Lakhimpur Kheri should be proud of its Banana republic tag—https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/lucknow/why-lakhimpur-kheri-should-be-proud-of-its-banana-republic-tag/articleshow/87031611.cms
- 118.
Anantapur Weather—https://weatherspark.com/y/109024/Average-Weather-in-Anantapur-India-Year-Round
- 119.
Mongo Harvesting—https://nhb.gov.in/pdf/fruits/mango/man004.pdf
- 120.
Climate Change Knowledge Portal—https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/download-data
- 121.
Telangana State Map—https://www.telangana.gov.in/about/districts
- 122.
Andhra Pradesh—Google Maps
- 123.
- 124.
Philippines has a mango surplus of 4.4 million pounds and is selling them for dirt cheap—https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2019/06/13/philippines-has-4-4-million-pound-mango-surplus/1446129001/
- 125.
Philippines faces two million kilogram mango surplus—https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-48581857
- 126.
Extreme heat in the US, Europe and China is slamming economies around the world—and making inflation worse—https://fortune.com/2022/08/27/extreme-heat-slamming-economies-inflation-worse-us-china-europe/
- 127.
Heat Wave, Inflation Crank Up Air-Conditioner Bills—https://www.wsj.com/articles/inflation-will-crank-up-your-air-conditioner-bill-this-summer-11655055762
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Vuppalapati, C. (2023). Specialty Crops: Banana. In: Specialty Crops for Climate Change Adaptation. STEAM-H: Science, Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Mathematics & Health. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-38399-1_4
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