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Biosurfactants: An Antiviral Perspective

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Multifunctional Microbial Biosurfactants

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Abstract

Biosurfactants are surface-active amphiphilic substances mainly formed by microorganisms present in the environment, like Bacillus and Pseudomonas. They have various structures like glycolipids, lipopeptides, lipopolysaccharides, and fatty acids. Biosurfactants are readily biodegradable, non-toxic to the environment and exhibit substantial emulsification activities. Biosurfactants also exhibit antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-aging, cytotoxicity, and anti-inflammatory activities. In this chapter, microbial biosurfactants and their antiviral activities using in vitro and in silico studies are discussed. Biosurfactants show antiviral activity against enveloped viruses since they have hydrophobic and hydrophilic moieties that interact with the envelope proteins of viruses. Surfactin is a lipopeptide that kills herpesvirus, retrovirus, and coronavirus due to its physicochemical interaction with viral membrane and presence of carbon atoms in surfactin’s acyl chain. Biosurfactants from Bacillus sp., Pseudomonas sp., Tolipocladium sp., Streptomyces sp., and Candida bombicola inhibit human immunodeficiency virus, coronavirus, herpes, and influenza viruses. It is predicted that biosurfactants might be the potential inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2. In vitro studies also proved that microbial biosurfactants such as rhamnolipids, surfactin, sophorolipids, glycolipids, lipopeptides, and polysaccharides inhibit porcine parvovirus, pseudorabies virus, Newcastle disease, and infectious Bursal disease viruses. Because of chemically synthesized antiviral drugs’ minimal availability and high toxicity, novel antiviral drugs are needed to manage human viral infections. Biosurfactants could be an alternative to current chemical antiviral drugs due to their low toxicity and compatibility. However, more studies using animal models and human trials have to be conducted to recognize biosurfactants as promising antiviral drugs.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Presidency College (Autonomous), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India

    Sethuramalingam Balakrishnan, Marimuthu Ragavan Rameshkumar & Narasingam Arunagirinathan

  2. Central Research Laboratory, Meenakshi Academy of Higher Education and Research (Deemed to be University), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India

    Avoodaiappan Nivedha & Narasingam Arunagirinathan

  3. Department of Biotechnology, Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education, Srivilliputhur, Tamil Nadu, India

    Krishnan Sundar

  4. Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

    Mariadhas Valan Arasu

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  1. Sethuramalingam Balakrishnan
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  2. Marimuthu Ragavan Rameshkumar
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  3. Avoodaiappan Nivedha
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  4. Krishnan Sundar
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  5. Narasingam Arunagirinathan
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  6. Mariadhas Valan Arasu
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  1. Department of Botany and Microbiology, H.N.B. Garhwal University (A Central University), Srinagar Garhwal, Uttarakhand, India

    Pankaj Kumar

  2. Department of Botany and Microbiology, Gurukul Kangri Vishawavidyalaya, Haridwar, Uttarakhand, India

    Ramesh Chandra Dubey

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Balakrishnan, S., Rameshkumar, M.R., Nivedha, A., Sundar, K., Arunagirinathan, N., Valan Arasu, M. (2023). Biosurfactants: An Antiviral Perspective. In: Kumar, P., Dubey, R.C. (eds) Multifunctional Microbial Biosurfactants. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-31230-4_20

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