Abstract
The scientific and engineering community has become interested in graphene, on the ground of its distinctive bidimensional structure and superior physical, electrochemical, electrical, chemical, and optical qualities. The purpose of this chapter is to represent a prospective use of graphene in the fields of life science, medicine, forensic science, etc., basically in diagnostics for illnesses, near-infrared photothermal therapy, and scans to detect cancer. Now, graphene is being used in high-performing gadgets that produce and reserve energy, water purification and in biomedical areas for precise biosensing through graphene-quenched fluorescence and mass spectrometry using laser ionization and desorption on graphene. In forensic science, graphene is of intense interest. Drugs, including amphetamine, nitrazepam, and diazepam, that are relevant to forensics can be detected and quantified using graphene nanoparticles as a fluorescence sensor. In forensic electrochemistry, electrochemically reduced graphene oxide (ERGO) can be used to identify cocaine paracetamol, caffeine, and levamisole.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Inagaki, M., Kang, F.: Graphene derivatives: graphane, fluorographene, graphene oxide, graphyne and graphdiyne. J. Mater. Chem. A 2, 13193–13206 (2014)
Mao, S., Pu, H., Chen, J.: Graphene oxide and its reduction: modeling and experimental progress. RSC Adv. 2, 2643–2662 (2012)
Dreyer, D.R., Park, S., Bielawski, C.W., Ruoff, R.S.: The chemistry of graphene oxide. Chem. Soc Rev. 39, 228–240 (2010)
Nanda, S.S., Papaefthymiou, G.C., Yi, D.K.: Functionalization of graphene oxide and its biomedical applications. Crit. Rev. Solid State Mater. Sci. 40, 291–315 (2015)
Yang, K., Feng, L., Shi, X., Zhuang, L.: Nanographene in biomedicine: theranostic applications. Chem. Soc. Rev. 42, 530–547 (2013)
Marcano, D.C., Kosynkin, D.V., Berlin, J.M., Sinitskii, A., Sun, Z., Slesarev, A., Alemany, L.B., Lu, W., Tour, J.M.: Improved synthesis of graphene oxide. ACS Nano 4, 4806–4814 (2010)
Hummers, J., Offeman, R.E.: Preparation of graphitic oxide. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 80, 1339 (1958)
Priyadarsini, S., Mohanty, S., Mukherjee, S., Basu, S., Mishra, M.: Graphene and graphene oxide as nanomaterials for medicine and biology application. J. Nanostruct. Chem. 8, 123–137 (2018)
Sofo, J., Chaudhari, A., Barber, G.: Graphane: a two-dimensional hydrocarbon. Phys. Rev. B. 75, 153401 (2007)
Boukhvalov, D.W., Katsnelson, M.I., Lichtenstein, A.I.: Hydrogen on graphene: electronic structure, total energy, structural distortions and magnetism from first-principles calculations. Phys. Rev. B. 77, 035427 (2008)
Peng, Q., Dearden, A.K., Chen, X.J., Huang, C., Wen, X., De, S.: Peculiar pressure effect on poisson ratio of graphone as a strain damper. Nanoscale 7, 9975–9979 (2015)
Pujari, B.S., Gusarov, S., Brett, M., Kovalenko, A.: Single-side-hydrogenated graphene: density functional theory predictions. Phys. Rev. B. 84, 041402 (2011)
Sun, J., Du, S.: Application of graphene derivatives and their nanocomposites in tribology and lubrication: a review. RSC Adv. 9, 40642 (2019)
Wang, S., Ang, P.K., Wang, Z., Tang, A.L.L., Thong, J.T.L., Loh, K.P.: High mobility, printable, and solution-processed graphene electronics. Nano Lett. 10, 92 (2010)
Lu, G., Park, S., Yu, K., Ruoff, R.S., Ocola, L.E., Rosenmann, D., Chen, J.: Toward practical gas sensing with highly reduced graphene oxide: a new signal processing method to circumvent run-to-run and device-to-device variations. ACS Nano 5, 1154–1164 (2011)
Chen, K., Lu, G., Chang, J., Mao, S., Yu, K., Cui, S., Chen, J.: Hg(II) ion detection using thermally reduced graphene oxide decorated with functionalized gold nanoparticles. Anal. Chem. 84, 4057–4062 (2012)
He, Q., Wu, S., Yin, Z., Zhang, H.: Graphene-based electronic sensors. Chem. Sci. 3, 1764–1772 (2012)
He, Q., Wu, S., Gao, S., Cao, X., Yin, Z., Li, H., Chen, P., Zhang, H.: Transparent, flexible, all-reduced graphene oxide thin film transistors. ACS Nano 5, 5038–5044 (2011)
He, Q., Sudibya, H.G., Yin, Z., Wu, S., Li, H., Boey, F., Huang, W., Chen, P., Zhang, H.: Centimeter-long and large-scale micropatterns of reduced graphene oxide films: fabrication and sensing applications. ACS Nano 4, 3201–3208 (2010)
Liu, Y., Yu, D., Zeng, C., Miao, Z., Dai, L.: Biocompatible graphene oxide-based glucose biosensors. Langmuir 26, 6158 (2010)
Zhu, Y., Murali, S., Stoller, M.D., Velamakanni, A., Piner, R.D., Ruoff, R.S.: Microwave assisted exfoliation and reduction of graphite oxide for ultracapacitors. Carbon 48, 2118–2122 (2010)
Zhu, Y., Murali, S., Cai, W., Li, X., Suk, J.W., Potts, J.R., Ruoff, R.S.: Graphene and graphene oxide: synthesis, properties, and applications. Adv. Mater. 22(35), 3906–3924 (2010)
Abdelkader, A.M., Karim, N., Valles, C., Afroj, S., Novoselov, K.S., Yeates, S.G.: Ultralexible and robust graphene supercapacitors printed on textiles for wearable electronics applications. Astrophys. Data Syst. 4(3), 035016 (2017)
Bober, E.S.: Final Report on Reverse Osmosis Membranes Containing Graphitic Oxide. U.S. Department of the Interior, p. 116 (1970)
Gao, W., Majumder, M., Alemany, L.B., Narayanan, T.N., Ibarra, M.A., Pradhan, B.K.: Engineered graphite oxide materials for application in water purification. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 3(6), 1821–1826 (2011)
Cohen-Tanugi, D., Grossman, J.C.: Water desalination across nano porous graphene. Nano Lett. 12(7), 3602–3608 (2012)
Tansel, B.: Significance of thermodynamic and physical characteristics on permeation of ions during membrane separation: hydrated radius, hydration free energy and viscous effects. Separ. Purif. Technol. 86, 119–126 (2012)
Abraham, J., Vasu, K.S., Williams, C.D., Gopinadhan, K., Su, Y., Cherian, C.T., Dix, J., Prestat, E., Haigh, S.J., Grigorieva, I.V., Carbone, P., Geim, A.K., Nair, R.R.: Tunable sieving of ions using graphene oxide membranes. N Nano. 12(6), 546 (2017)
Schedin, F., Geim, A., Morozov, S., Hill, E., Blake, P., Katsnelson, M., Novoselov, K.: Nat. Mater. 6, 652 (2007)
Tang, L., Wang, Y., Li, Y., Feng, H., Lu, J., Li, J.: Adv. Funct. Mater. 19, 2782 (2009)
Morales-Narv’aez, E., Merkoçi, A.: Graphene oxide as an optical biosensing platform. 24(25), 3298–3308 (2012)
Cui, R., Han, Z., Pan, J., Abdel-Halim, E.S.: Direct electrochemistry of glucose oxidase and biosensing for glucose based on helical carbon nanotubes modified magnetic electrodes. Electrochim. Acta 58(1), 179–183 (2011)
Tang, Z., Wu, H., Cort, J.R., Buchko, G.W., Zhang, Y., Shao, Y., Aksay, I.A., Liu, J., Lin, Y.: Constraint of DNA on functionalized graphene improves its biostability and specificity. Small. 6(11), 1205–1209 (2010)
Yang, K., Zhang, S., Zhang, G., Sun, X., Lee, S., Liu, Z.: Graphene in mice: ultrahigh in vivo tumor uptake and efficient photothermal therapy. Nano Lett. 10(9), 3318–3323 (2010)
Shen, A.J., Li, D.L., Cai, X.J., Dong, C.Y., Dong, H.Q., Wen, H.Y., Dai, G.H., Wang, P.J., Li, Y.Y.: Multifunctional nanocomposite based on graphene oxide for in vitro hepatocarcinoma diagnosis and treatment. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part A 100, 2499–2506 (2012)
Feng, L.Z., Zhang, S., Liu, Z.: Graphene-based gene transfection. Nanoscale 3, 1252–1257 (2011)
Yang, X., Wang, Y., Huang, X., Ma, Y., Huang, Y., Yang, R., Duan, H., Chen, Y.: Multi-functionalized graphene oxide based anticancer drug-carrier with dual-targeting function and pH-sensitivity. J. Mater. Chem. 21, 3448–3454 (2011)
Bao, H.Q., Pan, Y.Z., **, Y., Sahoo, N. G., Wu, T., Li, L., Li, J., Gan, L.H.: Chitosan functionalized graphene oxide as a nanocarrier for drug and gene delivery. 7, 1569–1578 (2011)
Liu, Z., Robinson, J.T., Sun, X., Dai, H.: PEGylated nano-graphene oxide for delivery of water-insoluble cancer drugs. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 130, 10876–10877 (2008)
Mahmoudi, M., Sant, S., Wang, B., Laurent, S., Sen, T.: Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs): development, surface modification and applications in chemotherapy. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 63, 24–46 (2011)
Sant, S., Hancock, M.J., Donnelly, J.P., Iyer, D., Khademhosseini, A.: Biomimetic gradient hydrogels for tissue engineering. Can J. Chem. Eng. 88, 899–911 (2010)
Ku, S.H., Park, C.B.: Myoblast differentiation on graphene oxide. Biomaterials 34, 2017–2023 (2013)
Nayak, T.R., Andersen, H., Makam, V.S., Khaw, C., Bae, S., Xu, X., Ee, R., Ahn, J., Hong, B.H., Pastorin, G., Ozyilmaz, B.: Graphene for controlled and accelerated osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells. ACS Nano 5, 4670–4678 (2011)
Lee, W.C., Lim, C.H.Y., Shi, H., Tang, L.A., Wang, Y., Lim, C.T., Loh, K.P.: Origin of enhanced stem cell growth and differentiation on graphene and graphene oxide. ACS Nano 5, 7334–7341 (2011)
Wang, Y., Lee, W.C., Manga, K.K., Ang, P.K., Lu, J., Liu, Y.P., Lim, C.T., Loh, K.P.: Fluorinated Graphene for Promoting neuroinduction of stem cells. Adv. Mater. Weinheim 24, 4285–4290 (2012)
Chen, G.Y., Pang, D.P., Hwang, S.M., Tuan, H.Y., Hu, Y.C.: A graphene-based platform for induced pluripotent stem cells culture and differentiation. Biomaterials 33, 418–427 (2012)
Karlsson, M., Strandqvist, C., Jussi, J., Öberg, O., Petermann, I., Elmlund, L., Dunne, S., Fu, Y., Wang, Q.: Chemical sensors generated on wafer-scale epitaxial graphene for application to front-line drug detection. Sensors 19(10), 2214 (2019)
Ãœlle-Linda, T.: Characterization of graphene-based sensors for forensic applications: Evaluating suitability of graphene-based resistive sensor for detection of amphetamine. Master thesis at Royal Institute of Technology, pp. 789, TRITA-EECS-EX (2019)
MA, X.: The Use of Graphene Quantum Dots as Detection Elements in Nanomaterials-Based Sensors for Forensic Applications. Degree Project in Engineering Physics, Stockholm, Sweden (2021)
Masteri-Farahani, M., Askari, F.: Design and photophysical insights on graphene quantum dots for use as nanosensor in differentiating methamphetamine and morphine in solution. Spectrochim. Acta Part A Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc. 206, 448–453 (2019)
Krampa, F.D., Aniweh, Y., Kanyong, P., Awandare, G.A.: Graphene nanoplatelet-based sensor for the detection of dopamine and N-acetyl-aminophenol in urine. Arab. J. Chem. 13(1), 3218–3225 (2020)
Rocha, D., Dornellas, R., Nossol, E., Richter, E., Silva, S., Santana, M., Munoz, R.: Electrochemically Reduced Graphene Oxide for Forensic Electrochemistry: Detection of Cocaine and its Adulterants Paracetamol, Caffeine and Levamisole, p. 29. Electroanalysis (2017)
Sun, X., Liu, Z., Welsher, K., Robinson, J.T., Goodwin, A., Zaric, S., Dai, H.: Nano-graphene oxide for cellular imaging and drug delivery. Nano Res. 1, 203–212 (2008)
Wen, H., Dong, C., Dong, H., Shen, A., **a, W., Cai, X., Song, Y., Li, X., Li, Y., Shi, D.: Engineered redox-responsive PEG detachment mechanism in PEGylated nano-graphene oxide for intracellular drug delivery. Small 8, 760–769 (2012)
Depan, D., Girase, B., Shah, J., Misra, R.: Structure–process–property relationship of the polar graphene oxide-mediated cellular response and stimulated growth of osteoblasts on hybrid chitosan network structure nanocomposite scaffolds. Acta Biomater. 7, 3432–3445 (2011)
Liu, Z., Robinson, J.T., Tabakman, S.M., Yang, K., Dai, H.: Carbon materials for drug delivery and cancer therapy. Mater. Today 14, 316–323 (2011)
Zhang, L., **a, J., Zhao, Q., Liu, L., Zhang, Z.: Functional graphene oxide as a nanocarrier for controlled loading and targeted delivery of mixed anticancer drugs. Small 6, 537–544 (2010)
Sherlock, S.P., Tabakman, S.M., **e, L., Dai, H.: Photothermally enhanced drug delivery by ultrasmall multifunctional FeCo/graphitic shell nanocrystals. ACS Nano 5, 1505–1512 (2011)
Pan, Y., Bao, H., Sahoo, N.G., Wu, T., Li, L.: Water-soluble poly (N-isopropyl acrylamide)–graphene sheets synthesized via click chemistry for drug delivery. Adv Funct. Mater. 21, 2754–2763 (2011)
Rana, V.K., Choi, M.C., Kong, J.Y., Kim, G.Y., Kim, M.J., Kim, S.H., Mishra, S., Singh, R.P., Ha, C.S.: Synthesis and drug-delivery behavior of chitosan-functionalized graphene oxide hybrid nanosheets. Macromol. Mater. Eng. 296, 131–140 (2011)
Kodali, V.K., Scrimgeour, J., Kim, S., Hankinson, J.H., Carroll, K.M., Berger, C., Curtis, J.E.: Nonperturbative chemical modification of graphene for protein micropatterning. Langmuir 27, 863–865 (2011)
Tian, B., Wang, C., Zhang, S., Feng, L., Liu, Z.: Photothermally enhanced photodynamic therapy delivered by nano-graphene oxide. ACS Nano 5, 7000–7009 (2011)
Kim, H., Kim, W.J.: Photothermally controlled gene delivery by reduced graphene oxide–polyethylenimine nanocomposite. Small 10, 117–126 (2014)
Chen, W., Yi, P., Zhang, Y., Zhang, L., Deng, Z., Zhang, Z.: Composites of aminodextran-coated fe3o4 nanoparticles and graphene oxide for cellular magnetic resonance imaging. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 3, 4085–4091 (2011)
Feng, L., Liu, Z.: Graphene in biomedicine: opportunities and challenges. Nanomedicine 6, 317–324 (2011)
Kim, H., Namgung, R., Singha, K., Oh, I., Kim, W.J.: Graphene oxide–polyethyleniminenanoconstruct as a gene delivery vector and bioimaging tool. Bioconjug. Chem. 22, 2558–2567 (2011)
La, W., Park, S., Yoon, H., Jeong, G., Lee, T., Bhang, S.H., Han, J.Y., Char, K., Kim, B.: Delivery of a therapeutic protein for bone regeneration from a substrate coated with graphene oxide. Small 9, 4051–4060 (2013)
Ma, X., Tao, H., Yang, K., Feng, L., Cheng, L., Shi, X., Li, Y., Guo, L., Liu, Z.: A functionalized graphene oxide-iron oxide nanocomposite for magnetically targeted drug delivery, photothermal therapy, and magnetic resonance imaging. Nano Res. 5, 199–212 (2012)
Yang, K., Zhang, S., Zhang, G., Sun, X., Lee, S., Liu, Z.: Graphene in mice: ultrahigh in vivo tumor uptake and efficient photothermal therapy. Nano Lett. 10, 3318–3323 (2010)
Huang, P., Xu, C., Lin, J., Wang, C., Wang, X., Zhang, C., Zhou, X., Guo, S., Cui, D.: Folic acid-conjugated graphene oxide loaded with photosensitizers for targeting photodynamic therapy. Theranostics. 1, 240 (2011)
Wate, P.S., Banerjee, S.S., Jalota-Badhwar, A., Mascarenhas, R.R., Zope, K.R., Khandare, J., Misra, R.: Cellular imaging using biocompatible dendrimer-functionalized graphene oxide-based fluorescent probe anchored with magnetic nanoparticles. Nanotechnology 23, 415101 (2012)
Fan, H., Wang, L., Zhao, K., Li, N., Shi, Z., Ge, Z., **, Z.: Fabrication, mechanical properties, and biocompatibility of graphene-reinforced chitosan composites. Biomacromol 11, 2345–2351 (2010)
Lu, B., Li, T., Zhao, H., Li, X., Gao, C., Zhang, S., **e, E.: Graphene-based composite materials beneficial to wound healing. Nanoscale 4, 2978 (2012)
Li, N., Zhang, Q., Gao, S., Song, Q., Huang, R., Wang, L., Liu, L., Dai, J., Tang, M., Cheng, G.: Three-dimensional graphene foam as a biocompatible and conductive scaffold for neural stem cells. Sci. Rep. 3, 604 (2013)
Yoon, H.J., Kim, T.H., Zhang, Z., Azizi, E., Pham, T.M., Paoletti, C., Lin, J., Ramnath, N., Wicha, M.S., Hayes, D.F.: Sensitive capture of circulating tumour cells by functionalized grapheme oxide nanosheets. Nat. Nanotech. 8, 735 (2013)
Li, C., Adamcik, J., Mezzenga, R.: Biodegradable nanocomposites of amyloid fibrils and graphene with shape memory and enzyme-sensing properties. Nat. Nanotech. 7, 421–427 (2012)
Acknowledgements
None to declare
Funding
No funding organization is involved in the drafting of this manuscript.
Competing Interests
The authors declare no potential competing interest.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2023 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Sinha, R.K., Kanwal, N.K. (2023). Application of Graphene, Its Derivatives, and Their Nanocomposites. In: Patel, S.K., Taya, S.A., Das, S., Vasu Babu, K. (eds) Recent Advances in Graphene Nanophotonics. Advanced Structured Materials, vol 190. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-28942-2_18
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-28942-2_18
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-031-28941-5
Online ISBN: 978-3-031-28942-2
eBook Packages: Physics and AstronomyPhysics and Astronomy (R0)