SpringerLink
Log in

Schwannomas of Brain and Spinal Cord

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Human Brain and Spinal Cord Tumors: From Bench to Bedside. Volume 2

Part of the book series: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology ((AEMB,volume 1405))

  • 1336 Accesses

Abstract

Schwannomas are benign tumors originating from the Schwann cells of cranial or spinal nerves. The most common cranial schwannomas originate from the eight cranial nervevestibular schwannomas (VS). VS account for 6–8% of all intracranial tumors, 25–33% of the tumors localized in the posterior cranial fossa, and 80–94% of the tumors in the cerebellopontine angle (CPA). Schwannomas of other cranial nerves/trigeminal, facial, and schwannomas of the lower cranial nerves/are much less frequent. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), intracranial and intraspinal schwannomas are classified as Grade I. Some VS are found incidentally, but most present with hearing loss (95%), tinnitus (63%), disequilibrium (61%), or headache (32%). The neurological symptoms of VSs are mainly due to compression on the surrounding structures, such as the cranial nerves and vessels, or the brainstem. The gold standard for the imaging diagnosis of VS is MRI scan. The optimal management of VSs remains controversial. There are three main management options—conservative treatment or “watch-and-wait” policy, surgical treatment, and radiotherapy in all its variations. Currently, surgery of VS is not merely a life-saving procedure. The functional outcome of surgery and the quality of life become issues of major importance. The most appropriate surgical approach for each patient should be considered according to some criteria including indications, risk–benefit ratio, and prognosis of each patient. The approaches to the CPA and VS removal are generally divided in posterior and lateral. The retrosigmoid suboccipital approach is a safe and simple approach, and it is favored for VS surgery in most neurosurgical centers. Radiosurgery is becoming more and more available nowadays and is established as one of the main treatment modalities in VS management. Radiosurgery (SRS) is performed with either Gamma knife, Cyber knife, or linear accelerator. Larger tumors are being increasingly frequently managed with combined surgery and radiosurgery. The main goal of VS management is preservation of neurological function – facial nerve function, hearing, etc. The reported recurrence rate after microsurgical tumor removal is 0.5–5%. Postoperative follow-up imaging is essential to diagnose any recurrence.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
EUR 32.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or Ebook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 139.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 179.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free ship** worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Abe T, Iwata T, Shimazu M, Matsumoto K (1994) Trochlear nerve neurinoma associated with a giant thrombosed dissecting aneurysm of the contralateral vertebral artery. Surg Neurol 42(5):438–441

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Al-Mefty O, Ayoubi S, Gaber E (2002) Trigeminal schwannomas: removal of dumbbell-shaped tumors through the expanded Meckel cave and outcomes of cranial nerve function. J Neurosurg 96(3):453–463

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Andrews DW, Werner-Wasik M, Den RB, Paek SH, Downes-Phillips B, Willcox TO, Bednarz G, Maltenfort M, Evans JJ, Curran WJ Jr (2009) Toward dose optimization for fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy for acoustic neuromas: comparison of two dose cohorts. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 74(2):419–426

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Antoni N (1920) Ueber Ruckenmarksrumoren und neurofibroma. Bergmann, Munich

    Google Scholar 

  • Arena S, Hilal EY (1976) Neurilemomas of the infratemporal space: report of a case and review of the literature. Arch Otolaryngol 102(3):180–184

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Arthurs BJ, Fairbanks RK, Demakas JJ, Lamoreaux WT, Giddings NA, Mackay AR, Cooke BS, Elaimy AL, Lee CM (2011) A review of treatment modalities for vestibular schwannoma. Neurosurg Rev 34:265–277

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Badie B, Pyle GM, Nguyen PH, Hadar EJ (2001) Elevation of internal auditory canal pressure by vestibular schwannomas. Otol Neurotol 22(5):696–700

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Balasubramaniam C (1999) A case of malignant tumour of the jugular foramen in a young infant. Childs Nerv Syst 15(6–7):347–350

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barbieri M, Bruzzo M, Mora R, Meller R, Chays A, Magnan J (2001) Cochlear schwannomas. Skull Base 11(4):241–244

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Baschnagel AM, Chen PY, Bojrab D, Pieper D, Kartush J, Didyuk O, Naumann IC, Maitz A, Grills IS (2013) Hearing preservation in patients with vestibular schwannoma treated with Gamma Knife surgery. J Neurosurg 118(3):571–578

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Benghiat H, Heyes G, Nightingale P, Hartley A, Tiffany M, Spooner D, Geh JI, Cruickshank G, Irving RM, Sanghera P (2014) Linear accelerator stereotactic radiosurgery for vestibular schwannomas: a UK series. Clin Oncol (Royal College Radiol (Great Britain)) 26(6):309–315

    Google Scholar 

  • Bindal S, El Ahmadieh TY, Plitt A, Aoun SG, Neeley OJ, El Tecle NE, Barnett S, Gluf W (2019) Hypoglossal schwannomas: a systematic review of the literature. J Clin Neurosci 62:162–173

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bing-huan C (1981) Neurinoma of the abducens nerve, Neurosurg 9(1):64–66. https://doi.org/10.1227/00006123-198107000-00011

  • Bozbuga M, Boran BO, Sahinoglu K (2006) Surface anatomy of the posterolateral cranium regarding the localization of the initial burr-hole for a retrosigmoid approach. Neurosurg Rev 29(1):61–63

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brackmann DE, Green JD Jr (2008) Translabyrinthine approach for acoustic tumor removal 1992. Neurosurg Clin N Am 19(2):251–264

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brackmann DE, House JR 3rd, Hitselberger WE (1994) Technical modifications to the middle fossa craniotomy approach in removal of acoustic neuromas. Am J Otol 15(5):614–619

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brown D, McConnell N, List R, Olubajo F, Highley R, Storey M, Kounin G (2018) Spontaneous haemorrhage into a large abducens nerve schwannoma: a case report. Br J Neurosurg 29:1–3

    Google Scholar 

  • Bulsara KR, Sameshima T, Friedman AH, Fukushima T (2008) Microsurgical management of 53 jugular foramen schwannomas: lessons learned incorporated into a modified grading system. J Neurosurg 109(5):794–803

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bush ML, Shinn JB, Young AB, Jones RO (2008) Long-term hearing results in gamma knife radiosurgery for acoustic neuromas. Laryngoscope 118(6):1019–1022

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carvalho GA, Tatagiba M, Samii M (2000) Cystic schwannomas of the jugular foramen: clinical and surgical remarks. Neurosurgery 46(3):560–566

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Celli P, Ferrante L, Acqui M, Mastronardi L, Fortuna A, Palma L (1992) Neurinoma of the third, fourth, and sixth cranial nerves: a survey and report of a new fourth nerve case. Surg Neurol 38(3):216–224

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chanda A, Nanda A (2006) Retrosigmoid intradural suprameatal approach: advantages and disadvantages from an anatomical perspective. Neurosurgery 59(1 Suppl 1):ONS1–ONS6

    Google Scholar 

  • Chandler CL, Ramsden RT (1993) Acoustic schwannoma. Br J Hosp Med 49(5):335–343

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fundova P, Charabi S, Tos M, Thomsen J (2000) Cystic vestibular schwannoma: surgical outcome. J Laryngol Otol 114(12):935–939

    Google Scholar 

  • Chopra R, Kondziolka D, Niranjan A, Lunsford LD, Flickinger JC (2007) Long-term follow-up of acoustic schwannoma radiosurgery with marginal tumor doses of 12 to 13 Gy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 68(3):845–851

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Day JD, Fukushima T (1998) The surgical management of trigeminal neuromas. Neurosurgery 42(2):233–240; Discussion 240–231

    Google Scholar 

  • Day JD, Chen DA, Arriaga M (2004) Translabyrinthine approach for acoustic neuroma. Neurosurgery 54(2):391–5; Discussion 395–6. Review

    Google Scholar 

  • Dewan S, Norén G (2008) Retreatment of vestibular schwannomas with Gamma Knife surgery. J Neurosurg 109(Suppl):144–148

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Du R, Dhoot J, McDermott MW, Gupta N (2003) Cystic schwannoma of the anterior tentorial hiatus. Case report and review of the literature. Pediatr Neurosurg 38(4):167–173

    Google Scholar 

  • Ebersold MJ, Harner SG, Beatty CW, Harper CM Jr, Quast LM (1992) Current results of the retrosigmoid approach to acoustic neurinoma. J Neurosurg 76(6):901–909

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Elmaci, İlhan & Altinoz, Meric & Sari, Ramazan. (2017) Immune pathobiology of schwannomas: a concise review. J Neurol Surg. Part A: Cent Eur Neurosurg. 79. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1603949

  • Engelhardt M, Folkers W, Brenke C, Scholz M, Harders A, Fidorra H, Schmieder K (2006) Neurosurgical operations with the patient in sitting position: analysis of risk factors using transcranial Doppler sonography. Br J Anaesth 96(4):467–472

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fenton JE, Chin RY, Fagan PA, Sterkers O, Sterkers JM (2004) Facial nerve outcome in non-vestibular schwannoma tumour surgery. Acta Otorhinolaryngol Belg 58(2):103–107

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fisch U (1970) Transtemporal surgery of the internal auditory canal. Report of 92 cases, technique, indications, and results. Adv Otorhinolaryngol 17:203–240

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fundova P, Charabi S, Tos M, Thomsen J (2000) Cystic vestibular schwannoma: surgical outcome. J Laryngol Otol 114(12):935–939

    Google Scholar 

  • Gantz BJ, Parnes LS, Harker LA, McCabe BF (1986) Middle cranial fossa acoustic neuroma excision: results and complications. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 95(5 Pt 1):454–459

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Garcia-Ibanez E, Garcia-Ibanez JL (1980) Middle fossa vestibular neurectomy: a report of 373 cases. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 88(4):486–490

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gerganov V, Amir S, Koerbel A, Brandes A, Stan A, Madjid S (2007) Cystic trochlear nerve schwannoma. Case report. Surg Neurol 68(2):221–225

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gerganov VM, Giordano M, Samii M, Samii A (2011) Diffusion tensor imaging-based fiber tracking for prediction of the position of the facial nerve in relation to large vestibular schwannomas. J Neurosurg 115(6):1087–1093

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gjuric M, Wigand ME, Wolf SR (2001) Enlarged middle fossa vestibular schwannoma surgery: experience with 735 cases. Otol Neurotol 22(2):223–230; Discussion 230–231

    Google Scholar 

  • Goel A, Muzumdar D, Raman C (2003) Trigeminal neuroma: analysis of surgical experience with 73 cases. Neurosurgery 52(4):783–790; Discussion 790

    Google Scholar 

  • González-Orús Álvarez-Morujo RJ, Alvarez-Palacios I, Martin-Oviedo C, Scola-Yurrita B, Arístegui-Ruiz MÁ (2014) Conservative management of vestibular schwannoma. Acta Otorrinolaringologica Espanola 65(5):275–282

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gupta A, Sharma D, Dhillon GS, Chhabra SS (2016) Intracranial periventricular supratentorial intraparenchymal schwannoma. Surg Neurol Int. 7(Suppl 40):S1013–S1015. Published 2016 Dec 12

    Google Scholar 

  • Hadjipanayis CG, Carlson ML, Link MJ, Rayan TA, Parish J, Atkins T, Asher AL, Dunn IF, Corrales CE, Van Gompel JJ, Sughrue M, Olson JJ (2018) Congress of neurological surgeons systematic review and evidence-based guidelines on surgical resection for the treatment of patients with vestibular schwannomas. Neurosurgery 82(2):E40–E43

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hajjaj M, Linthicum FH Jr (1996) Facial nerve schwannoma: nerve fibre dissemination. J Laryngol Otol 110(7):632–633

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hamm KD, Gross MW, Fahrig A, Surber G, Henzel M, Kleinert G, Grabenbauer GG, Engenhart-Cabillic R (2008) Stereotactic radiotherapy for the treatment of nonacoustic schwannomas. Neurosurgery 62(5 Suppl):A29–36; Discussion A36

    Google Scholar 

  • Hansen MR, Roehm PC, Chatterjee P, Green SH (2006) Constitutive neuregulin-1/ErbB signaling contributes to human vestibular schwannoma proliferation. Glia 53:593–600

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hasegawa T, Kida Y, Kato T, Iizuka H, Kuramitsu S, Yamamoto T (2013) Long-term safety, and efficacy of stereotactic radiosurgery for vestibular schwannomas: evaluation of 440 patients more than 10 years after treatment with Gamma Knife surgery. J Neurosurg 118(3):557–565

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hayat MA (ed) Tumors of the central nervous system, volume 7: meningiomas and schwannomas

    Google Scholar 

  • Hironaka Y, Nakase H, Motoyama Y, Mishima H, Park YS, Hirabayashi H, Sakaki T (2010) Orbital schwannoma extending to the lateral wall of the cavernous sinus through the superior orbital fissure—case report. Neurol Med Chir (tokyo) 50(2):154–157

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hoa M, Drazin D, Hanna G, Schwartz MS, Lekovic GP (2012) The approach to the patient with incidentally diagnosed vestibular schwannoma. Neurosurg Focus 33(3):E2

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • House WF, Shelton C (1992) Middle fossa approach for acoustic tumor removal. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 25(2):347–59. Review

    Google Scholar 

  • House JW, Brackmann DE (1985) Facial nerve grading system. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 93(2):146–147

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Huang V, Bergner AL, Halpin C et al (2018a) Improvement in patient-reported hearing after treatment with bevacizumab in people with neurofibromatosis type 2. Otol Neurotol 39(5):632–638

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Huang CW, Tu HT, Chuang CY, Chang CS, Chou HH, Lee MT, Huang CF (2018b) Gamma Knife radiosurgery for large vestibular schwannomas greater than 3 cm in diameter. J Neurosurg 128(5):1380–1387

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jefferson G (1953) The trigeminal neurinomas with some remarks on malignant invasion of the gasserian ganglion. Clin Neurosurg 1:11–54

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kandathil CK, Dilwali S, Wu CC et al (2014) Aspirin intake correlates with halted growth of sporadic vestibular schwannoma in vivo. Otol Neurotol 35(02):353–357

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kano H, Kondziolka D, Niranjan A, Flannery TJ, Flickinger JC, Lunsford LD (2010) Repeat stereotactic radiosurgery for acoustic neuromas. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 76(2):520–527

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kano H, Meola A, Yang HC, Guo WY, Martínez-Alvarez R, Martínez-Moreno N, Urgosik D, Liscak R, Cohen-Inbar O, Sheehan J, Lee JYK, Abbassy M, Barnett GH, Mathieu D, Kondziolka D, Lunsford LD (2018) Stereotactic radiosurgery for jugular foramen schwannomas: an international multicenter study. J Neurosurg 129(4):928–936

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kehrer-Sawatzki H, Farschtschi S, Mautner VF, Cooper DN (2017) The molecular pathogenesis of schwannomatosis, a paradigm for the co-involvement of multiple tumor suppressor genes in tumorigenesis. Hum Genet 136(2):129–148

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kertesz TR, Shelton C, Wiggins RH, Salzman KL, Glastonbury CM, Harnsberger R (2001) Intratemporal facial nerve neuroma: anatomical location and radiological features. Laryngoscope 111(7):1250–1256

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • King JS (1976) Trochlear nerve sheath tumor; case report. J Neurosurg 44(2):245–247

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kluwe L, Mautner V, Heinrich B, Dezube R, Jacoby LB, Friedrich RE, MacCollin M (2003) Molecular study of frequency of mosaicism in neurofibromatosis 2 patients with bilateral vestibular schwannomas. J Med Genet 40:109–114

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Kopp C, Fauser C, Müller A, Astner ST, Jacob V, Lumenta C, Meyer B, Tonn JC, Molls M, Grosu AL (2011) Stereotactic fractionated radiotherapy and LINAC radiosurgery in the treatment of vestibular schwannoma-report about both stereotactic methods from a single institution. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 80(5):1485–1491

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kovacs W (1927) Ueber ein solitares Neurinoma des Nervus oculomotorius. Zentralbl Allgemeine Pathol Patholog Anat 40:518–522

    Google Scholar 

  • Kunnel Jomon M, Pepper J, O’Connor N, Price R (2020) Regression of a spinal schwannoma after pomalidomide. Br J Neurosurg 18:1–2

    Google Scholar 

  • Lalwani AK, Butt FY, Jackler RK, Pitts LH, Yingling CD (1994) Facial nerve outcome after acoustic neuroma surgery: a study from the era of cranial nerve monitoring. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 111(5):561–570

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lan YH, Li YC, Chang CN, Zhang B, Lu YJ (2020) Trochlear schwannoma arising from transition zone of nerve sheath in the pineal region: case report and review of the literature. World Neurosurg 137:218–225

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lanman TH, Brackmann DE, Hitselberger WE, Subin B (1999) Report of 190 consecutive cases of large acoustic tumors (vestibular schwannoma) removed via the translabyrinthine approach. J Neurosurg 90(4):617–623

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lanser MJ, Sussman SA, Frazer K (1992) Epidemiology, pathogenesis, and genetics of acoustic tumors. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 25(3):499–520

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leksell L (1971) A note on the treatment of acoustic tumours. Acta Chir Scand 137(8):763–765

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lesoin F, Rousseaux M, Villette L, Autricque A, Dhellemmes P, Pellerin P, Vaneecloo JM, Leys D, Jomin M (1986) Neurinomas of the trigeminal nerve. Acta Neurochir (wien) 82(3–4):118–122

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leunda G, Vaquero J, Cabezudo J, Garcia-Uria J, Bravo G (1982) Schwannoma of the oculomotor nerves. Report of four cases. J Neurosurg 57(4):563–565

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Li X, Li J, Li J et al (2015) Schwannoma of the 6th nerve: case report and review of the literature. Chin Neurosurg Jl 1:5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lipkin AF, Coker NJ, Jenkins HA, Alford BR (1987) Intracranial and intratemporal facial neuroma. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 96(1):71–79

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Liscak R, Vladyka V, Urgosik D, Simonova G, Vymazal J (2009) Repeated treatment of vestibular schwannomas after gamma knife radiosurgery. Acta Neurochir 151(4):317–324

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Liu R, Fagan P (2001) Facial nerve schwannoma: surgical excision versus conservative management. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 110(11):1025–1029

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Liu P, Yao Q, Li NA et al (2016) Low-dose bevacizumab induces radiographic regression of vestibular schwannomas in neurofibromatosis type 2: a case report and literature review. Oncol Lett 11(5):2981–2986

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Llópez Carratalá I, Escorihuela García V, Orts Alborch M, de Paula Vernetta C, Marco Algarra J (2014) Radiosurgery as treatment for acoustic neuroma. Ten years’ experience. Acta Otorrinolaringologica Espanola 65(6):327–331

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lo WL, Yang KY, Huang YJ, Chen WF, Liao CC, Huang YH (2014) Experience with Novalis stereotactic radiosurgery for vestibular schwannomas. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 121:30–34

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lüdemann WO, Stieglitz LH, Gerganov V, Samii A, Samii M (2008) Fat implant is superior to muscle implant in vestibular schwannoma surgery for the prevention of cerebrospinal fluid fistulae. Neurosurgery 63(1 Suppl 1):ONS38–42; Discussion 42–3.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marinelli JP, Lohse CM, Carlson ML (2018) Incidence of vestibular schwannoma over the past half-century: a population-based study of Olmsted County, Minnesota. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 159(4):717–723

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Marzo SJ, Zender CA, Leonetti JP (2009) Facial nerve schwannoma. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 17(5):346–350

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Massager N, Nissim O, Delbrouck C, Delpierre I, Devriendt D, Desmedt F, Wikler D, Brotchi J, Levivier M (2007) Irradiation of cochlear structures during vestibular schwannoma radiosurgery and associated hearing outcome. J Neurosurg 107(4):733–739

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mathieu D, Kondziolka D, Flickinger JC, Niranjan A, Williamson R, Martin JJ, Lunsford LD (2007) Stereotactic radiosurgery for vestibular schwannomas in patients with neurofibromatosis type 2: an analysis of tumor control, complications, and hearing preservation rates. Neurosurgery 60(3):460–470

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Matsui T, Morikawa E, Morimoto T, Asano T (2002) Presigmoid transpetrosal approach for the treatment of a large trochlear nerve schwannoma—case report. Neurol Med Chir (tokyo) 42(1):31–35

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Matthies C, Samii M (1997) Management of 1000 vestibular schwannomas (acoustic neuromas): clinical presentation. Neurosurgery 40(1):1–9; Discussion 9–10

    Google Scholar 

  • Mautner VF, Nguyen R, Kutta H, Fuensterer C, Bokemeyer C, Hagel C, Friedrich RE, Panse J (2010) Bevacizumab induces regression of vestibular schwannomas in patients with neurofibromatosis type 2. Neuro Oncol 12:14–18

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Meijer OW, Vandertop WP, Baayen JC, Slotman BJ (2003) Single-fraction versus fractionated linac-based stereotactic radiosurgery for vestibular schwannoma: a single-institution study. Int J Radiat Oncol, Biol, Phys 56(5):1390–1396

    Google Scholar 

  • Mezey G, Cahill J, Rowe JG, Yianni J, Bhattacharyya D, Walton L, Rodgers J, Radatz MWR (2020) A retrospective analysis of the role of single-session gamma knife stereotactic radiosurgery in sporadic vestibular schwannomas with tumor volumes greater than 10 cm3: Is it worth stretching the boundaries? Stereotact Funct Neurosurg

    Google Scholar 

  • Mindermann T, Schlegel I (2013) Grading of vestibular schwannomas and corresponding tumor volumes: ramifications for radiosurgery. Acta Neurochir 155(1):71–74

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moffat DA, Harries ML, Baguley DM, Hardy DG (1989) Unterberger’s step** test in acoustic neuroma. J Laryngol Otol 103(9):839–841

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moller MN, Werther K, Nalla A, Stangerup SE, Thomsen J, Bog-Hansen TC, Nielsen HJ, Caye-Thomasen P (2010) Angiogenesis in vestibular schwannomas: expression of extracellular matrix factors MMP-2, MMP-9, and TIMP-1. Laryngoscope 120:657–662

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Monfared A, Mudry A, Jackler R (2010) The history of middle cranial fossa approach to the cerebellopontine angle. Otol Neurotol 31(4):691–696

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Muhammad S, Niemelä M (2019) Management of oculomotor nerve schwannoma: systematic review of literature and illustrative case. Surg Neurol Int 10:40

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Murray MR, Stout AP, Bradley CF (1940) Schwann cell versus fibroblast as the origin of the specific nerve sheath tumor: observations upon normal nerve sheaths and neurilemomas in vitro. Am J Pathol 16(1):41–60.17

    Google Scholar 

  • Nagano O, Serizawa T, Higuchi Y, Matsuda S, Sato M, Yamakami I, Okiyama K, Ono J, Saeki N (2010) Tumor shrinkage of vestibular schwannomas after Gamma Knife surgery: results after more than 5 years of follow-up. J Neurosurg 113(Suppl):122–127

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nakamizo A, Matsuo S, Amano T (2019) Abducens nerve schwannoma: a case report and literature review. World Neurosurg 125:49–54

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Netuka D, Benes V (2003) Oculomotor nerve schwannoma. Br J Neurosurg 17(2):168–173

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nowak A, Dziedzic T, Czernicki T, Kunert P, Marchel A (2014) Surgical treatment of jugular foramen schwannomas. Neurol Neurochir Pol 48(3):188–195

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Okunaga T, Matsuo T, Hayashi N, Hayashi Y, Shabani HK, Kaminogo M, Ochi M, Nagata I (2005) Linear accelerator radiosurgery for vestibular schwannoma: measuring tumor volume changes on serial three-dimensional spoiled gradient-echo magnetic resonance images. J Neurosurg 103(1):53–58

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pan L, Wang EM, Zhang N, Zhou LF, Wang BJ, Dong YF, Dai JZ, Cai PW (2005b) Long-term results of Leksell gamma knife surgery for trigeminal schwannomas. J Neurosurg 102(Suppl):220–224

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pan L, Wang EM, Zhang N, Zhou LF, Wang BJ, Dong YF, Dai JZ, Cai PW (2005a) Long-term results of Leksell gamma knife surgery for trigeminal schwannomas. J Neurosurg 102(Suppl):220–4

    Google Scholar 

  • Parry RH (1904) A case of tinnitus and vertigo treated by division of the auditory nerve. J Laryngol, Rhinol, Otol 19(8):402–406

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Patronas NJ, Courcoutsakis N, Bromley CM, Katzman GL, MacCollin M, Parry DM (2001) Intramedullary and spinal canal tumors in patients with neurofibromatosis 2: MR imaging findings and correlation with genotype. Radiology 218:434–442

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Peciu-Florianu I, Tuleasca C, Comps JN, Schiappacasse L, Zeverino M, Daniel RT, Levivier M (2017) Radiosurgery in trochlear and abducens nerve schwannomas: case series and systematic review. Acta Neurochir (wien) 159(12):2409–2418

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pellet W (2008) History of vestibular schwannoma surgery. Prog Neurol Surg 21:6–23

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Plotkin SR, Stemmer-Rachamimov AO, Barker FG 2nd et al (2009) Hearing improvement after bevacizumab in patients with neurofibromatosis type 2. N Engl J Med 361(4):358–367

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Plotkin SR, Merker VL, Halpin C, Jennings D, McKenna MJ, Harris GJ, Barker FG II (2012) Bevacizumab for progressive vestibular schwannoma in neurofibromatosis type 2: a retrospective review of 31 patients. Otol Neurotol 33:1046–1052

    Google Scholar 

  • Pollock BE, Link MJ (2008) Vestibular schwannoma radiosurgery after previous surgical resection or stereotactic radiosurgery. Prog Neurol Surg 21:163–168

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Prasad D, Steiner M, Steiner L (2000) Gamma surgery for vestibular schwannoma. J Neurosurg 92(5):745–759

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Prasad SC, Patnaik U, Grinblat G, Giannuzzi A, Piccirillo E, Taibah A et al (2018) Decision making in the wait-and-scan approach for vestibular schwannomas: is there a price to pay in terms of hearing, facial nerve, and overall outcomes? Neurosurgery 83(5):858–870

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Puataweepong P, Dhanachai M, Dangprasert S, Narkwong L, Sitathanee C, Sawangsilpa T, Janwityanujit T, Yongvithisatid P (2014) Linac-based stereotactic radiosurgery and fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy for vestibular schwannomas: comparative observations of 139 patients treated at a single institution. J Radiat Res 55(2):351–358

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Raut VV, Walsh RM, Bath AP, Bance ML, Guha A, Tator CH, Rutka JA (2004a) Conservative management of vestibular schwannomas—second review of a prospective longitudinal study. Clin Otolaryngol Allied Sci 29(5):505–514

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Raut VV, Walsh RM, Bath AP, Bance ML, Guha A, Tator CH, Rutka JA (2004b) Conservative management of vestibular schwannomas—second review of a prospective longitudinal study. Clin Otolaryngol Allied Sci 29(5):505–514

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reznitsky M, Petersen MMBS, West N, Stangerup SE, Cayé-Thomasen P (2019) Epidemiology of vestibular schwannomas—prospective 40-year data from an unselected national cohort. Clin Epidemiol 11:981–986

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Rhoton AL Jr, Tedeschi H (2008) Microsurgical anatomy of acoustic neuroma. 2002. Neurosurg Clin N Am 19(2):145–74, v

    Google Scholar 

  • Riina HA, Burkhardt JK, Santillan A, Bassani L, Patsalides A, Boockvar JA (2012) Short-term clinico-radiographic response to super-selective intra-arterial cerebral infusion of bevacizumab for the treatment of vestibular schwannomas in neurofibromatosis type 2. Interv Neuroradiol 18(2):127–132

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ruangkanchanasetr R, Lee JYK, Nagda SN, Geiger GA, Kolker JD, Bigelow DC, Ruckenstein MJ, Nasrallah M, Alonso-Basanta M (2018) Toxicity of gamma knife radiosurgery may be greater in patients with lower cranial nerve schwannomas. J Neurol Surg B Skull Base 79(6):580–585. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1651504 Epub 2018 May 10. PubMed PMID: 30456028; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC6239879

  • Sagers JE, Beauchamp RL, Zhang Y et al. (2020) Combination therapy with mTOR kinase inhibitor and dasatinib as a novel therapeutic strategy for vestibular schwannoma. Sci Rep 10(1):4211. Published 2020 Mar 6. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-60156-6

  • Saleh E, Achilli V, Naguib M, Taibah AK, Russo A, Sanna M, Mazzoni A (1995) Facial nerve neuromas: diagnosis and management. Am J Otol 16(4):521–526

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Samii M, Babu RP, Tatagiba M, Sepehrnia A (1995a) Surgical treatment of jugular foramen schwannomas. J Neurosurg 82(6):924–932

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Samii M, Migliori MM, Tatagiba M, Babu R (1995b) Surgical treatment of trigeminal schwannomas. J Neurosurg 82(5):711–8. Review

    Google Scholar 

  • Samii M, Matthies C, Tatagiba M (1997) Management of vestibular schwannomas (acoustic neuromas): auditory and facial nerve function after resection of 120 vestibular schwannomas in patients with neurofibromatosis 2. Neurosurgery 40(4):696–705

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Samii M, Tatagiba M, Carvalho GA (2000) Retrosigmoid intradural suprameatal approach to Meckel’s cave and the middle fossa: surgical technique and outcome. J Neurosurg 92(2):235–241

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Samii M, Gerganov V, Samii A (2006) Improved preservation of hearing and facial nerve function in vestibular schwannoma surgery via the retrosigmoid approach in a series of 200 patients. J Neurosurg 105(4):527–535

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Samii M, Gerganov VM (2008) Surgery of extra-axial tumors of the cerebral base. Neurosurgery 62(6 Suppl 3):1153–66; Discussion 1166–8

    Google Scholar 

  • Sarma S, Sekhar LN, Schessel DA (2002) Nonvestibular schwannomas of the brain: a 7-year experience. Neurosurgery 50(3):437–448; Discussion 438–439

    Google Scholar 

  • Satar B, Yetiser S, Ozkaptan Y (2003) Impact of tumor size on hearing outcome and facial function with the middle fossa approach for acoustic neuroma: a meta-analytic study. Acta Otolaryngol 123(4):499–505

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Saunders JE, Luxford WM, Devgan KK, Fetterman BL (1995) Sudden hearing loss in acoustic neuroma patients. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 113(1):23–31, S0194-5998(95)70140-0 [pii]

    Google Scholar 

  • Scheller C, Rampp S, Tatagiba M, Gharabaghi A, Ramina KF, Ganslandt O, Bischoff B, Matthies C, Westermaier T, Pedro MT, Rohde V, von Eckardstein K, Strauss C (2019) A critical comparison between the semisitting and the supine positioning in vestibular schwannoma surgery: subgroup analysis of a randomized, multicenter trial. J Neurosurg 3:1–8

    Google Scholar 

  • Sherman JD, Dagnew E, Pensak ML, van Loveren HR, Tew JM Jr (2002) Facial nerve neuromas: report of 10 cases and review of the literature. Neurosurgery 50(3):450–456

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shimansky VN, Shevchenko KV, Poshataev VK, Tanyashin SV, Abdurakhimov FD (2019) Hypoglossal schwannoma: case report and literature review]. Zh Vopr Neirokhir Im N I’m Burdenko 83(5):51–57

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Snyder MH, Shepard MJ, Chen CJ, Sheehan JP (2018) Stereotactic radiosurgery for trigeminal schwannomas: a 28-year single-center experience and review of the literature. World Neurosurg 119:e874–e881

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Spinnato S, Talacchi A, Musumeci A, Turazzi S, Bricolo A (1998) Dumbbell-shaped hypoglossal neurinoma: surgical removal via a dorsolateral transcondylar approach. A case report and review of the literature. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 140(8):827–832

    Google Scholar 

  • Springborg JB, Poulsgaard L, Thomsen J (2008) Nonvestibular schwannoma tumors in the cerebellopontine angle: a structured approach and management guidelines. Skull Base 18(4):217–227

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Stone JL (1999) Sir Charles Ballance: pioneer British neurological surgeon. Neurosurgery 44(3):610–31; Discussion 631–2. Review

    Google Scholar 

  • Sughrue ME, Yang I, Rutkowski MJ, Aranda D, Parsa AT (2010) Preservation of facial nerve function after resection of vestibular schwannoma. Br J Neurosurg 24(6):666–671

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sun J, Zhang J, Yu X, Qi S, Du Y, Ni W, Hu Y, Tian Z (2013) Stereotactic radiosurgery for trigeminal schwannoma: a clinical retrospective study in 52 cases. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 91(4):236–242

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sutay S, Tekinsoy B, Ceryan K, Aksu Y (1993) Submaxillary hypoglossal neurilemmoma. J Laryngol Otol 107(10):953–954

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Symon L, Cheesman AD, Kawauchi M, Bordi L (1993) Neuromas of the facial nerve: a report of 12 cases. Br J Neurosurg 7(1):13–22

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tan LC, Bordi L, Symon L, Cheesman AD (1990) Jugular foramen neuromas: a review of 14 cases. Surg Neurol 34(4):205–211. 0090-3019(90) 90130-H [pii]

    Google Scholar 

  • Tanriover N, Kemerdere R, Kafadar AM, Muhammedrezai S, Akar Z (2007) Oculomotor nerve schwannoma located in the oculomotor cistern. Surg Neurol 67(1):83–88

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tos M (1998) Increasing incidence of vestibular schwannoma: is it real and realistic? Ugeskr Laeger 160(45):6538

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tung H, Chen T, Weiss MH (1991) Sixth nerve schwannomas. Report of two cases. J Neurosurg 75(4):638–641

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tysome JR, Macfarlane R, Durie-Gair J, Donnelly N, Mannion R, Knight R, Harris F, Vanat ZH, Tam YC, Burton K, Hensiek A, Raymond FL, Moffat DA, Axon PR (2012) Surgical management of vestibular schwannomas and hearing rehabilitation in neurofibromatosis type 2. Otol Neurotol: Official Publ Am Otological Soc, Am Neurotol Soc [and] Eur Acad Otol Neurotol 33(3):466–472

    Google Scholar 

  • Unger F, Walch C, Papaefthymiou G, Feichtinger K, Trummer M, Pendl G (2002) Radiosurgery of residual and recurrent vestibular schwannomas. Acta Neurochir 144(7):671–677

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vachata P, Sames M (2009) Abducens nerve schwannoma mimicking intrinsic brainstem tumor. Acta Neurochir (wien) 151(10):1281–1287

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • van de Langenberg R, Dohmen AJ, de Bondt BJ, Nelemans PJ, Baumert BG, Stokroos RJ (2012) Volume changes after stereotactic LINAC radiotherapy in vestibular schwannoma: control rate and growth patterns. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 84(2):343–349

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Varughese JK, Wentzel-Larsen T, Pedersen PH, Mahesparan R, Lund-Johansen M (2012) Gamma knife treatment of growing vestibular schwannoma in Norway: a prospective study. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 84(2):e161–e166

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vermeulen S, Young R, Posewitz A, Grimm P, Blasko J, Kohler E, Raisis J (1998) Stereotactic radiosurgery toxicity in the treatment of intracanalicular acoustic neuromas: the Seattle Northwest gamma knife experience. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 70(Suppl 1):80–87

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wallner KE, Sheline GE, Pitts LH, Wara WM, Davis RL, Boldrey EB (1987) Efficacy of irradiation for incompletely excised acoustic neurilemomas. J Neurosurg 67(6):858–863. PubMed PMID: 3681424

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Walsh RM, Bath AP, Bance ML, Keller A, Tator CH, Rutka JA (2000) The natural history of untreated vestibular schwannomas. Is there a role for conservative management? Rev Laryngol Otol Rhinol (Bord) 121(1):21–26

    Google Scholar 

  • Wiet RJ, Mamikoglu B, Odom L, Hoistad DL (2001) Long-term results of the fi rst 500 cases of acoustic neuroma surgery. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 124(6):645–651, S0194599801514382 [pii]

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams JA (2002) Fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy for acoustic neuromas. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 144(12):1249–54; Discussion 1254

    Google Scholar 

  • Windisch PY, Tonn JC, Fürweger C, Wowra B, Kufeld M, Schichor C, Muacevic A (2019) Clinical results after single-fraction radiosurgery for 1002 vestibular schwannomas. Cureus 11(12):e6390

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Yamakami I, Uchino Y, Kobayashi E, Saeki N, Yamaura A (2002) Prognostic significance of changes in the internal acoustic meatus caused by vestibular schwannoma. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 42(11):465–70; Discussion 470–1

    Google Scholar 

  • Yonas H, Jannetta PJ (1980) Neurinoma of the trigeminal root and atypical trigeminal neuralgia: their commonality. Neurosurgery 6(3):273–277

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang N, Pan L, Dai JZ, Wang BJ, Wang EM, Cai PW (2002) Gamma knife radiosurgery for jugular foramen schwannomas. J Neurosurg 97(5 Suppl):456–458

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang H, Cai C, Wang S, Liu H, Ye Y, Chen X (2007) Extracranial head and neck schwannomas: a clinical analysis of 33 patients. Laryngoscope 117(2):278–281

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. International Neuroscience Institute, Hannover, Germany

    Venelin Gerganov

  2. University Multiprofile Hospital for Active Treatment With Emergency Medicine N. I. Pirogov, Sofia, Bulgaria

    Venelin Gerganov & Mihail Petrov

  3. University Hospital St. Anna, Sofia, Bulgaria

    Teodora Sakelarova

Authors
  1. Venelin Gerganov
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Mihail Petrov
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Teodora Sakelarova
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Mihail Petrov .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Children's Medical Center Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Nima Rezaei

  2. Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Sara Hanaei

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Gerganov, V., Petrov, M., Sakelarova, T. (2023). Schwannomas of Brain and Spinal Cord. In: Rezaei, N., Hanaei, S. (eds) Human Brain and Spinal Cord Tumors: From Bench to Bedside. Volume 2. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 1405. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-23705-8_12

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation