Abstract
The present contribution deals with the mechanical characterization of “shot-earth” material. Akin to shotcrete technology, the shot-earth material is made by a mix of cement, stabilized soil, aggregates and water that is installed by high-speed projection rather than by mechanical compaction to obtain structural elements and architectural finishings. The task of the ongoing researches it to set up a procedure to highlight as the characteristics and percentage of the components influence the elastic and plastic behaviour of the composite. For the first time, X-rays micro computed tomography (micro-CT) is used to investigate the effective composition of material cubical samples. Moreover, several image processing techniques are devised to enhance the acquisitions’ quality and to extract the data necessary for the creation of a finite element model. This last permits to investigate the relations between the material/physical characteristics and properties of cubical samples of shot-earth. In particular, a numerical homogenization procedure is applied to obtain the main elastic mechanical properties of the material. These are compared to the results of a mechanical experimental campaign (compressive tests) conducted on the same cubical samples.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Curto, A., Lanzoni, L., Tarantino, A., Viviani, M.: Shot-earth for sustainable constructions. Constr. Build. Mater. 239, 117775 (2020) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.117775. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0950061819332283
Carrara, P., Kruse, R., Bentz, D., Lunardelli, M., Leusmann, T., Varady, P., De Lorenzis, L.: Improved mesoscale segmentation of concrete from 3d x-ray images using contrast enhancers. Cement Concrete Compos. 93, 30–42 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2018.06.014. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0958946517311745
Mazzucco, G., Pomaro, B., Xotta, G., Garbin, E., Majorana, C., De Marchi, N., Concheri, G.: Meso-scale xct-based modeling of ordinary concrete. Constr. Build. Mater. 286, 122850 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.122850. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0950061821006103
Hounsfield, G.N.: Computerized transverse axial scanning (tomography): part 1. description of system. Br. J. Radiol. 46(552), 1016–1022 (1973). https://doi.org/10.1259/0007-1285-46-552-1016. PMID: 4757352
Van Rossum, G., Drake Jr, F.L.: Python tutorial. Centrum voor Wiskunde en Informatica Amsterdam, The Netherlands (1995)
Visual Sciences Group: Avizo User’s Guide Version 6. FEI Visual Sciences Group Burlington, MA (2009)
Cluni, F., Costarelli, D., Gusella, V., Vinti, G.: Reliability increase of masonry characteristics estimation by a sampling algorithm applied to thermographic digital images. Probab. Eng. Mech. 60, 103022 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.probengmech.2020.103022. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0266892020300072
Gusella, V., Cluni, F., Liberotti, R.: Feasibility of a thermography nondestructive technique for determining the quality of historical frescoed masonries: Applications on the templar church of san bevignate. Appl. Sci. 11(1) (2021). https://doi.org/10.3390/app11010281. https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/11/1/281
Cluni, F., Gusella, V., Vinti, G.: Masonry elastic characteristics assessment by thermographic images. Meccanica 54, 1339–1349 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11012-019-00982-9
Liberotti, R., Gusella, V.: Infra redable. thermography for the diagnosis and conservation of frescoed walls: the case of the templar church of san bevignate. Restauro Archeologico 30(1), 114–133 (2022). https://doi.org/10.36253/rar-12594. https://oaj.fupress.net/index.php/ra/article/view/12594
Ralf, J., Fredrik, L., Kenneth, R.: A poro-viscoelastic substitute model of fine-scale poroelasticity obtained from homogenization and numerical model reduction. Comput. Mech. 65 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00466-019-01808-x
Van der Walt, S., Schönberger, J.L., Nunez-Iglesias, J., Boulogne, F., Warner, J.D., Yager, N., Gouillart, E., Yu, T.: Scikit-image: image processing in python. PeerJ 2, e453 (2014)
Schneider, C.A., Rasband, W.S., Eliceiri, K.W.: Nih image to imageJ: 25 years of image analysis. Nature Methods 9(7), 671–675 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.2089
Otsu, N.: A threshold selection method from gray-level histograms. IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybernet. 9(1), 62–66 (1979). https://doi.org/10.1109/TSMC.1979.4310076
Sezgin, M., Sankur, B.: Survey over image thresholding techniques and quantitative performance evaluation. J. Electron. Imag. 13(1), 146–165 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1117/1.1631315
Ridler, T.W., Cavard, S.: Picture thresholding using an iterative selection method. IEEE Trans. Syst. Man, Cybernet. 8(8), 630–632 (1978). https://doi.org/10.1109/TSMC.1978.4310039
Prewitt, J.M.S., Mendelsohn, M.L.: The analysis of cell images. Annals New York Acad. Sci. 128(3), 1035–1053 (1966). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1965.tb11715.x
Li, C., Tam, P.: An iterative algorithm for minimum cross entropy thresholding. Pattern Recogn. Lett. 19(8), 771–776 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-8655(98)00057-9. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167865598000579
Glasbey, C.: An analysis of histogram-based thresholding algorithms. CVGIP: Graph. Models Image Proc. 55(6), 532–537 (1993). https://doi.org/10.1006/cgip.1993.1040. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1049965283710400
Zack, G.W., Rogers, W.E., Latt, S.A.: Automatic measurement of sister chromatid exchange frequency. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 25(7), 741–753 (1977). https://doi.org/10.1177/25.7.70454
Yen, J.C., Chang, F.J., Chang, S.: A new criterion for automatic multilevel thresholding. IEEE Trans. Image Proc. 4(3), 370–378 (1995). https://doi.org/10.1109/83.366472
High Resolution CT and Pore-Network Models to Assess Petrophysical Properties of Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Carbonates, SPE Reservoir Characterisation and Simulation Conference and Exhibition, vol. All Days (2007). https://doi.org/10.2118/111427-MS
Voigt, W.: Ueber die beziehung zwischen den beiden elasticitätsconstanten isotroper körper. Annalen der Physik 274(12), 573–587 (1889). https://doi.org/10.1002/andp.18892741206
Reuss, A.: Berechnung der fließgrenze von mischkristallen auf grund der plastizitätsbedingung für einkristalle . ZAMM - J. Appl. Math. Mech./Zeitschrift für Angewandte Mathematik und Mechanik 9(1), 49–58 (1929). https://doi.org/10.1002/zamm.19290090104
Hill, R.: The elastic behaviour of a crystalline aggregate. Proc. Phys. Soc. Section A 65(5), 349–354 (1952). https://doi.org/10.1088/0370-1298/65/5/307
Mori, T., Tanaka, K.: Average stress in matrix and average elastic energy of materials with misfitting inclusions. Acta Metallurgica 21(5), 571–574 (1973). https://doi.org/10.1016/0001-6160(73)90064-3. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0001616073900643
Christensen, R.M.: A critical evaluation for a class of micro-mechanics models. J. Mech. Phys. Solids 38(3), 379–404 (1990). https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-5096(90)90005-O. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/002250969090005O
Smith, M.: ABAQUS/Standard User’s Manual, Version 6.9. United States (2009)
Harris, C.R., Millman, K.J., van der Walt, S.J., Gommers, R., Virtanen, P., Cournapeau, D., Wieser, E., Taylor, J., Berg, S., Smith, N.J., Kern, R., Picus, M., Hoyer, S., van Kerkwijk, M.H., Brett, M., Haldane, A., del Río, J.F., Wiebe, M., Peterson, P., Gérard-Marchant, P., Sheppard, K., Reddy, T., Weckesser, W., Abbasi, H., Gohlke, C., Oliphant, T.E.: Array programming with NumPy. Nature 585(7825), 357–362 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2649-2
McKinney, W.: Data Structures for Statistical Computing in Python. In Proceedings of the 9th Python in Science Conference (2010)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2023 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Cluni, F., Faralli, F., Gusella, V., Liberotti, R. (2023). X-rays CT and Mesoscale FEM of the Shot-Earth Material. In: Tarantino, A.M., Cotana, F., Viviani, M. (eds) Shot-Earth for an Eco-friendly and Human-Comfortable Construction Industry. Springer Tracts in Civil Engineering . Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-23507-8_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-23507-8_2
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-031-23506-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-031-23507-8
eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)