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Interrelation Between the Immune and the Nervous Systems in the Context of Cerebellar Development and Developmental Disorders

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Development of the Cerebellum from Molecular Aspects to Diseases

Part of the book series: Contemporary Clinical Neuroscience ((CCNE))

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Abstract

In recent years, the interplay between the development and function of the central nervous system and the immune system in the homeostatic and pathological state has become evident. Thus, understanding the crosstalk between the immune system and cerebellar development and functions has noticeable implications for managing neurodevelopmental, neurodegenerative, and neuroinflammatory disorders. In this chapter, we highlight the current progress of knowledge in the field of neuroimmunology and psychoneuroimmunology. Specifically, we discuss the contribution of the various immune responses in cerebellar development and its associated pathologies and highlight the current understanding of mechanisms involved in these processes. Immune pathways that play a crucial role in cerebellar development and functions are likely to become therapeutic targets for several neurodevelopmental, neurodegenerative, and neuroinflammatory disorders, thus suppression or activation of these selected immune pathways may propose new therapeutic approaches.

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Abbreviations

(RAG)-1:

Recombination activating gene

AICA:

Anterior inferior cerebellar artery

ALRs:

AIM2-like receptors

ALS:

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

ANS:

Autonomic nervous system

APCs:

Antigen-presenting cells

BBB:

Blood-brain barrier

CCL:

C-C motif chemokine ligand

CNS:

Central nervous system

Cop-1:

Copolymer 1

COVID-19:

Corona virus disease 2019

CSF:

Cerebrospinal fluid

DAMPs:

Damage-associated molecular patterns

DC:

Dendritic cells

EAE:

Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis

EGL:

External granule cell layer

FOXP3:

Forkhead box P3

GAD:

Glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies

GIT:

Gastrointestinal tract

HE:

Hashimoto’s encephalopathy

HSP:

Heat-shock proteins

IBS:

Irritable bowel syndrome

IFN:

Interferon

Ig:

Immunoglobulin

IGL:

Internal granule cell layer

IL:

Interleukin

LGP2:

Laboratory of genetics and physiology 2

MDA5:

Melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5

MHC:

Major histocompatibility

MIP:

Macrophage inflammatory protein

MSA:

Multiple system atrophy

NLRs:

Nod-like receptors

OPCA:

Olivopontocerebellar

P2X7R:

Purinergic receptor P2X7

PACA:

Primary autoimmune cerebellar ataxia

PAMPs:

Pathogen-associated molecular patterns

PICA:

Posterior inferior cerebellar artery

PRRs:

Pattern recognition receptors

Rig1:

Retinoic acid-inducible gene-1

RLRs:

RIG-like receptors

Rora:

Retinoic-acid-related orphan receptor alpha

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

SCA:

Superior cerebellar artery

SCID:

Severe combined immunodeficiency

SND:

Striatonigral

SOCS3:

Suppressor of cytokine signaling 3

TGF:

Tumor growth factor

Th:

T helper

TLRs:

Toll-like receptors

TNF:

Tumor necrosis factor

Treg:

Regulatory T cells

URL:

Upper rhombic lip

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Acknowledgments

This book chapter is an updated version of the initial chapter entitled “Neuroimmune mechanisms of cerebellar development and its developmental disorders: Bidirectional link between the immune system and nervous system. Development of the Cerebellum – From Molecular Aspects to Diseases” and authored by Eissa N, Kermarrec L, and Ghia JE in the first edition of this book. We would like to thank the initial contributors. Figures, created with BioRender.com.

Authors’ Contributions

Conceived the outlines: NE, JEG. Authored the book chapter: DT, FH, NE, LK, JEG. Conceived the figures: FH, DT, JEG.

Funding

This was supported by grants from Canadian Foundation for Innovation, Crohn’s and Colitis Canada, Research Manitoba, Children’s Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, the Canadian Institutes of Health Research to JEG and University of Manitoba, Research Manitoba, and Health Sciences Foundation – Mindel and Tom Olenick Research Award in Immunology to NE and DT.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada

    Nour Eissa, Laëtitia Kermarrec, Diane Tshikudi, Fatemeh Hesampour & Jean-Eric Ghia

  2. Kenaston Veterinary Clinic, Winnipeg, MB, Canada

    Nour Eissa

  3. Internal Medicine, Section of Gastroenterology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada

    Jean-Eric Ghia

  4. IBD Clinical and Research Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada

    Jean-Eric Ghia

  5. Children’s Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada

    Jean-Eric Ghia

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  1. Nour Eissa
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  2. Laëtitia Kermarrec
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  3. Diane Tshikudi
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  4. Fatemeh Hesampour
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  5. Jean-Eric Ghia
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jean-Eric Ghia .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science The Children’s Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba (CHRIM) Max Rady College of Medicine Rady Faculty of Health Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada

    Hassan Marzban

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Eissa, N., Kermarrec, L., Tshikudi, D., Hesampour, F., Ghia, JE. (2023). Interrelation Between the Immune and the Nervous Systems in the Context of Cerebellar Development and Developmental Disorders. In: Marzban, H. (eds) Development of the Cerebellum from Molecular Aspects to Diseases. Contemporary Clinical Neuroscience. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-23104-9_16

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