SpringerLink
Log in

Relevance for mRNA Vaccine Safety

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Challenges and Opportunities of mRNA Vaccines Against SARS-CoV-2

  • 341 Accesses

Abstract

This chapter describes how the above unsubstantiated assumptions underlying mRNA vaccines may impact vaccine safety. Again, the analysis here is done in a more general way, aiming to uncover mechanisms and consequences which previously do not seem to have been anticipated.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
EUR 32.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or Ebook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Chapter
GBP 19.95
Price includes VAT (United Kingdom)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
GBP 95.50
Price includes VAT (United Kingdom)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
GBP 119.99
Price includes VAT (United Kingdom)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free ship** worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
GBP 119.99
Price includes VAT (United Kingdom)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free ship** worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    https://www.aarda.org/.

  2. 2.

    https://www.cdc.gov/vaccinesafety/concerns/adjuvants.html.

  3. 3.

    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tfjopb-2kKs.

  4. 4.

    https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-Y7dTMzn9B8&t=4s.

References

  1. Acharya D, Liu G, Gack MU (2020) Dysregulation of type I interferon responses in covid-19. Nat Rev Immunol 20(7):397–398

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Al-Mayhani T, Saber S, Stubbs MJ, Losseff NA, Perry RJ, Simister RJ, Gull D, Jäger HR, Scully MA, Werring DJ (2021) Ischaemic stroke as a presenting feature of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopaenia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 92(11):1247–1248

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Alberer M, Gnad-Vogt U, Hong HS, Mehr KT, Backert L, Finak G, Gottardo R, Bica MA, Garofano A, Koch SD et al. (2017) Safety and immunogenicity of a mRNA rabies vaccine in healthy adults: an open-label, non-randomised, prospective, first-in-human phase 1 clinical trial. Lancet 390(10101):1511–1520

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Bertolazzi G, Cipollina C, Benos PV, Tumminello M, Coronnello C (2020) mir-1207-5p can contribute to dysregulation of inflammatory response in covid-19 via targeting SARS-CoV-2 RNA. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 10:673

    Google Scholar 

  5. Billy E, Brondani V, Zhang H, Müller U, Filipowicz W (2001) Specific interference with gene expression induced by long, double-stranded RNA in mouse embryonal teratocarcinoma cell lines. Proc Natl Acad Sci 98(25):14428–14433

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Blanco-Melo D, Nilsson-Payant BE, Liu WC, Uhl S, Hoagland D, Møller R, Jordan TX, Oishi K, Panis M, Sachs D et al. (2020) Imbalanced host response to SARS-CoV-2 drives development of covid-19. Cell 181(5):1036–1045

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Buschmann MD, Carrasco MJ, Alishetty S, Paige M, Alameh MG, Weissman D (2021) Nanomaterial delivery systems for mRNA vaccines. Vaccines 9(1):65

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Cantaert T, Baeten D, Tak PP, van Baarsen LG (2010) Type i ifn and tnfα cross-regulation in immune-mediated inflammatory disease: basic concepts and clinical relevance. Arthritis Res Therapy 12(5):1–10

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Carthew RW, Sontheimer EJ (2009) Origins and mechanisms of miRNAs and siRNAs. Cell 136(4):642–655

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Casadevall A, Pirofski La (2020) In fatal covid-19, the immune response can control the virus but kill the patient. Proc Natl Acad Sci 117(48):30009–30011

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Centa A, Fonseca AS, da Silva Ferreira SG, Azevedo MLV, De Paula CBV, Nagashima S, Machado-Souza C, dos Santos Miggiolaro AFR, Pellegrino Baena C, De Noronha L et al. (2021) Deregulated miRNA expression is associated with endothelial dysfunction in post-mortem lung biopsies of covid-19 patients. Am J Physiol-Lung Cell Mol Physiol 320(3):L405–L412

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2021) Allergic reactions including anaphylaxis after receipt of the first dose of Pfizer-BioNTech covid-19 vaccine—United States (2020). https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/70/wr/mm7002e1.htm

  13. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The vaccine adverse event reporting system (vaers). https://vaers.hhs.gov/data.html

  14. Cha AE (2021) Coronavirus vaccines may not work in some people. It’s because of their underlying conditions. https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/2021/05/18/immunocompromised-coronavirus-vaccines-response/

  15. Cheloufi S, Dos Santos CO, Chong MM, Hannon GJ (2010) A dicer-independent miRNA biogenesis pathway that requires ago catalysis. Nature 465(7298):584–589

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Davenport FM, Hennessy AV, Francis J Thomas, With the Technical Assistance of Phyllis Fabisch (1953) Epidemiologic and immunologic significance of age distribution of antibody to antigenic variants of influenza virus . J Exp Med 98(6):641–656

    Google Scholar 

  17. De Beuckelaer A, Grooten J, De Koker S (2017) Type i interferons modulate CD8+  t cell immunity to mRNA vaccines. Trends Mol Med 23(3):216–226

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Deming D, Sheahan T, Heise M, Yount B, Davis N, Sims A, Suthar M, Harkema J, Whitmore A, Pickles R et al. (2006) Vaccine efficacy in senescent mice challenged with recombinant sars-cov bearing epidemic and zoonotic spike variants. PLoS Med 3(12):e525

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Desfarges S, Ciuffi A (2012) Viral integration and consequences on host gene expression. In: Viruses: essential agents of life. Springer, Berlin, pp 147–175

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  20. Devoldere J, Dewitte H, De Smedt SC, Remaut K (2016) Evading innate immunity in nonviral mRNA delivery: don’t shoot the messenger. Drug Discovery Today 21(1):11–25

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Doench JG, Petersen CP, Sharp PA (2003) siRNAs can function as miRNAs. Genes Dev 17(4):438–442

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Dorward DA, Russell CD, Um IH, Elshani M, Armstrong SD, Penrice-Randal R, Millar T, Lerpiniere CE, Tagliavini G, Hartley CS, Randall NP, Gachanja NN, Potey PM, Anderson AM, Campbell VL, Duguid AJ, Al Qsous W, BouHaidar R, Baillie JK, Dhaliwal K, Wallace WA, Bellamy CO, Prost S, Smith C, Hiscox JA, Harrison DJ, Lucas CD, (2020) Tissue-specific tolerance in fatal covid-19. medRxiv

    Google Scholar 

  23. Dvinge H, Kim E, Abdel-Wahab O, Bradley RK (2016) Rna splicing factors as oncoproteins and tumour suppressors. Nat Rev Cancer 16(7):413

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Ebert MS, Sharp PA (2010) MicroRNA sponges: progress and possibilities. RNA 16(11):2043–2050

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Edwards DK, Jasny E, Yoon H, Horscroft N, Schanen B, Geter T, Fotin-Mleczek M, Petsch B, Wittman V (2017) Adjuvant effects of a sequence-engineered mRNA vaccine: translational profiling demonstrates similar human and murine innate response. J Transl Med 15(1):1–18

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Erman M, Steenhuysen J. U.S. CDC finds more clotting cases after j&j vaccine, sees causal link. https://www.reuters.com/business/healthcare-pharmaceuticals/us-cdc-finds-more-clotting-cases-after-jj-vaccine-sees-causal-link-2021-05-12/

  27. Esnault C, Maestre J, Heidmann T (2000) Human line retrotransposons generate processed pseudogenes. Nat Genet 24(4):363–367

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Euronews. Slovakia suspends use of the AstraZeneca jab for first-time vaccinations. https://www.euronews.com/2021/05/11/slovakia-suspends-use-of-the-astrazeneca-jab-for-first-time-vaccinations

  29. European Medicines Agency. Eudravigilance—European database of suspected adverse drug reaction reports. http://www.adrreports.eu/en/search_subst.html

  30. European Medicines Agency. https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/news/astrazenecas-covid-19-vaccine-ema-finds-possible-link-very-rare-cases-unusual-blood-clots-low-blood

  31. European Medicines Agency. Assessment report–comirnaty—common name: Covid-19 mRNA vaccine (nucleoside-modified). https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/assessment-report/comirnaty-epar-public-assessment-report_en.pdf

  32. European Medicines Agency. Covid-19 mRNA vaccine risk management plan (RMP). https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/rmp-summary/covid-19-vaccine-moderna-epar-risk-management-plan_en.pdf

  33. Fabbri M, Paone A, Calore F, Galli R, Gaudio E, Santhanam R, Lovat F, Fadda P, Mao C, Nuovo GJ et al. (2012) MicroRNAs bind to toll-like receptors to induce prometastatic inflammatory response. Proc Natl Acad Sci 109(31):E2110–E2116

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. FDA Office of Media Affairs (2021) Joint CDC and FDA statement on Johnson & Johnson covid-19 vaccine. https://apnews.com/press-release/pr-newswire/business-diseases-and-conditions-health-care-industry-anne-schuchat-health-561bd901bd02aeb7fbf7935b7db3e481

  35. Fire A, Xu S, Montgomery MK, Kostas SA, Driver SE, Mello CC (1998) Potent and specific genetic interference by double-stranded RNA in caenorhabditis elegans. Nature 391(6669):806–811

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Getty Micah Green, Bloomberg. Don’t be surprised when vaccinated people get infected. https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2021/03/vaccine-breakthrough-cases/618330/

  37. Gil-Etayo FJ, Suàrez-Fernández P, Cabrera-Marante O, Arroyo D, Garcinuño S, Naranjo L, Pleguezuelo DE, Allende LM, Mancebo E, Lalueza A, et al. (2021) T-helper cell subset response is a determining factor in covid-19 progression. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 11:79

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Goswami R, Awasthi A (2020) Editorial: T cell differentiation and function in tissue inflammation. Front Immunol 11:289

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Greco A, Gallo A, Fusconi M, Marinelli C, Macri G, De Vincentiis M (2012) Bell’s palsy and autoimmunity. Autoimmun Rev 12(2):323–328

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Greinacher A, Thiele T, Warkentin TE, Weisser K, Kyrle PA, Eichinger S (2021) Thrombotic thrombocytopenia after chadox1 ncov-19 vaccination. N Engl J Med 384(22):2092–2101

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Günther C, Kind B, Reijns MA, Berndt N, Martinez-Bueno M, Wolf C, Tüngler V, Chara O, Lee YA, Hübner N et al. (2015) Defective removal of ribonucleotides from DNA promotes systemic autoimmunity. J Clin Invest 125(1):413–424

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Hartmann J (2021) Bethel park woman paralyzed 12 hours after getting first dose of pfizer vaccine, doctors searching for answers. https://www.wpxi.com/news/top-stories/bethel-park-woman-paralyzed-12-hours-after-getting-first-dose-pfizer-vaccine-doctors-searching-answers/ZSYTEX4H4FHKDFVSPGS3ILJZUI/

  43. Heinemann JA (2019) Should dsRNA treatments applied in outdoor environments be regulated? Environ Int 132:104856

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Hoffmann M, Hofmann-Winkler H, Krüger N, Kempf A, Nehlmeier I, Graichen L, Sidarovich A, Moldenhauer AS, Winkler MS, Schulz S, Jäck HM, Stankov MV, Behrens GMN, Pöhlmann S (2021) Sars-cov-2 variant b.1.617 is resistant to bamlanivimab and evades antibodies induced by infection and vaccination. bioRxiv

    Google Scholar 

  45. Houri-Zeevi L, Rechavi O (2017) A matter of time: small RNAs regulate the duration of epigenetic inheritance. Trends Genet 33(1):46–57

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Huang KJ, Yang YC, Lin YS, Huang JH, Liu HS, Yeh TM, Chen SH, Liu CC, Lei HY (2006) The dual-specific binding of dengue virus and target cells for the antibody-dependent enhancement of dengue virus infection. J Immunol 176(5):2825–2832

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Incalzi RA, Trevisan C, Del Signore S, Volpato S, Fumagalli S, Monzani F, Bellelli G, Gareri P, Mossello E, Malara A et al. (2021) Are vaccines against covid-19 tailored to the most vulnerable people? Vaccine 39(17):2325–2327

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. Jeyanathan M, Afkhami S, Smaill F, Miller MS, Lichty BD, **ng Z (2020) Immunological considerations for covid-19 vaccine strategies. Nat Rev Immunol 20(10):615–632

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Kanduc D, Shoenfeld Y (2018) Inter-pathogen peptide sharing and the original antigenic sin: solving a paradox. Open Immunol J 8(1)

    Google Scholar 

  50. Kanduc D, Shoenfeld Y (2020) Molecular mimicry between SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein and mammalian proteomes: implications for the vaccine. Immunol Res 68(5):310–313

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Kanyavuz A, Marey-Jarossay A, Lacroix-Desmazes S, Dimitrov JD (2019) Breaking the law: unconventional strategies for antibody diversification. Nat Rev Immunol 19(6):355–368

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Kazazian HH, Moran JV (1998) The impact of l1 retrotransposons on the human genome. Nat Genet 19(1):19–24

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Kazazian Jr HH, Moran JV (2017) Mobile DNA in health and disease. N Engl J Med 377(4):361–370

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Kim VN, Han J, Siomi MC (2009) Biogenesis of small RNAs in animals. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 10(2):126–139

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. King S (2020) New cause of covid-19 blood clots identified. https://labblog.uofmhealth.org/lab-report/new-cause-of-covid-19-blood-clots-identified

  56. Kutner B (2021) CDC panel recommends lifting pause of j&j vaccine. https://www.courthousenews.com/cdc-panel-recommends-end-to-pause-of-jj-vaccine/

  57. Lambert PH, Ambrosino DM, Andersen SR, Baric RS, Black SB, Chen RT, Dekker CL, Didierlaurent AM, Graham BS, Martin SD et al. (2020) Consensus summary report for CEPI/BC March 12–13, 2020 meeting: assessment of risk of disease enhancement with covid-19 vaccines. Vaccine 38(31):4783–4791

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Ledford H (2021) How could a covid vaccine cause blood clots? Scientists race to investigate. Nature 592(7854):334–335

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Lee SH, Singh I, Tisdale S, Abdel-Wahab O, Leslie CS, Mayr C (2018) Widespread intronic polyadenylation inactivates tumour suppressor genes in leukaemia. Nature 561(7721):127–131

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Lehmann SM, Krüger C, Park B, Derkow K, Rosenberger K, Baumgart J, Trimbuch T, Eom G, Hinz M, Kaul D et al. (2012) An unconventional role for miRNA: let-7 activates toll-like receptor 7 and causes neurodegeneration. Nat Neurosci 15(6):827–835

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Lei X, Dong X, Ma R, Wang W, **ao X, Tian Z, Wang C, Wang Y, Li L, Ren L, et al. (2020) Activation and evasion of type I interferon responses by SARS-CoV-2. Nat Commun 11(1):1–12

    Article  Google Scholar 

  62. Li Y, Renner DM, Comar CE, Whelan JN, Reyes HM, Cardenas-Diaz FL, Truitt R, Tan LH, Dong B, Alysandratos KD et al. (2021) SARS-COV-2 induces double-stranded RNA-mediated innate immune responses in respiratory epithelial-derived cells and cardiomyocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci 118(16):e2022643118

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Lyons-Weiler J (2020) Pathogenic priming likely contributes to serious and critical illness and mortality in covid-19 via autoimmunity. J Transl Autoimmun 3:100051

    Article  Google Scholar 

  64. Maillard P, Ciaudo C, Marchais A, Li Y, Jay F, Ding S, Voinnet O (2013) Antiviral RNA interference in mammalian cells. Science 342(6155):235–238

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Mayo Clinic. Transverse myelitis. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/transverse-myelitis/symptoms-causes/syc-20354726#:~:text=Transverse%20myelitis%20is%20an%20inflammation,nerves%20send%20throughout%20the%20body

  66. Mueller S, Gausson V, Vodovar N, Deddouche S, Troxler L, Perot J, Pfeffer S, Hoffmann JA, Saleh MC, Imler JL (2010) Rnai-mediated immunity provides strong protection against the negative-strand RNA vesicular stomatitis virus in drosophila. Proc Natl Acad Sci 107(45):19390–19395

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Napirei M, Karsunky H, Zevnik B, Stephan H, Mannherz HG, Möröy T (2000) Features of systemic lupus erythematosus in DNAse1-deficient mice. Nat Genet 25(2):177–181

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Nebraska Medicine (2021) You asked, we answered: does VAERS list deaths caused by covid-19 vaccines? https://www.nebraskamed.com/COVID/does-vaers-list-deaths-caused-by-covid-19-vaccines

  69. Neumeier J, Meister G (2021) siRNA specificity: RNAi mechanisms and strategies to reduce off-target effects. Front Plant Sci 11:2196

    Google Scholar 

  70. Nia Williams AM (2021) Two Canadian provinces stop offering Astrazeneca’s covid vaccine. https://www.reuters.com/business/healthcare-pharmaceuticals/canadas-alberta-province-stops-giving-first-doses-astrazeneca-vaccine-2021-05-11/

  71. NIH Neurological Institute. Transverse myelitis fact sheet. https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/Patient-Caregiver-Education/Fact-Sheets/Transverse-myelitis-fact-sheet#causes

  72. O’Brien J, Hayder H, Zayed Y, Peng C (2018) Overview of microRNA biogenesis, mechanisms of actions, and circulation. Front Endocrinol 9:402

    Article  Google Scholar 

  73. Ozonoff A, Nanishi E, Levy O (2021) Bell’s palsy and SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. Lancet Infect Diseases 21(4):450–452

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Pardi N, Hogan MJ, Porter FW, Weissman D (2018) mRNA vaccines-a new era in vaccinology. Nat Rev Drug Discovery 17(4):261

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Pardi N, Hogan MJ, Weissman D (2020) Recent advances in mRNA vaccine technology. Curr Opin Immunol 65:14–20

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Paul P, Chakraborty A, Sarkar D, Langthasa M, Rahman M, Bari M, Singha RS, Malakar AK, Chakraborty S (2018) Interplay between miRNAs and human diseases. J Cell Physiol 233(3):2007–2018

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Peeples L (2020) News feature: Avoiding pitfalls in the pursuit of a covid-19 vaccine. Proc Natl Acad Sci 117(15):8218–8221

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Peng Y, Croce CM (2016) The role of microRNAs in human cancer. Signal Transduction Targeted Therapy 1(1):1–9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  79. Pepini T, Pulichino AM, Carsillo T, Carlson AL, Sari-Sarraf F, Ramsauer K, Debasitis JC, Maruggi G, Otten GR, Geall AJ et al. (2017) Induction of an IFN-mediated antiviral response by a self-amplifying RNA vaccine: implications for vaccine design. J Immunol 198(10):4012–4024

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Pottegård A, Lund LC, Karlstad Ø, Dahl J, Andersen M, Hallas J, Lidegaard Ø, Tapia G, Gulseth HL, Ruiz PLD, Watle SV, Mikkelsen AP, Pedersen L, Sørensen HT, Thomsen RW, Hviid A (2021) Arterial events, venous thromboembolism, thrombocytopenia, and bleeding after vaccination with Oxford-AstraZeneca ChAdOx1-S in Denmark and Norway: population based cohort study. BMJ 373:n1114

    Article  Google Scholar 

  81. Reuters. Denmark ditches J&J covid-19 shots from vaccination programme. https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/denmark-excludes-jj-shot-vaccine-programme-local-media-reports-2021-05-03/

  82. Reuters. Norway drops AstraZeneca vaccine, J&J remains on hold. https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2021-05-12/norway-will-not-use-astrazeneca-covid-19-vaccine-says-daily-vg

  83. Reuters Staff. New covid-19 variant defeats plasma treatment, may reduce vaccine efficacy. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-safrica-variant-idUKKBN29P2HJ

  84. Ricardo Brito Pedro Fonseca. Brazil suspends use of AstraZeneca vaccine in pregnant women nationally after death. https://www.reuters.com/business/healthcare-pharmaceuticals/brazil-health-agency-calls-halt-astrazeneca-vaccine-pregnant-women-2021-05-11/

  85. Sahin U, Karikó K, Türeci Ö (2014) mRNA-based therapeutics—develo** a new class of drugs. Nat Rev Drug Discovery 13(10):759–780

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Schlee M, Hartmann G (2016) Discriminating self from non-self in nucleic acid sensing. Nat Rev Immunol 16(9):566

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Seo GJ, Kincaid RP, Phanaksri T, Burke JM, Pare JM, Cox JE, Hsiang TY, Krug RM, Sullivan CS (2013) Reciprocal inhibition between intracellular antiviral signaling and the RNAi machinery in mammalian cells. Cell Host Microbe 14(4):435–445

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Soiza RL, Scicluna C, Thomson EC (2020) Efficacy and safety of COVID-19 vaccines in older people. Age Ageing 50(2):279–283

    Article  Google Scholar 

  89. Sørensen B, Susrud A, Dalgleish A (2020) Biovacc-19: a candidate vaccine for covid-19 (SARS-CoV-2) developed from analysis of its general method of action for infectivity. QRB Discovery 1:e6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  90. Spellberg B, Edwards Jr. JE (2001) Type 1/type 2 immunity in infectious diseases. Clin Infect Diseases 32(1):76–102

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Su Y, Ghodke PP, Egli M, Li L, Wang Y, Guengerich FP (2019) Human DNA polymerase η has reverse transcriptase activity in cellular environments. J Biol Chem 294(15):6073–6081

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Sumazin P, Yang X, Chiu HS, Chung WJ, Iyer A, Llobet-Navas D, Rajbhandari P, Bansal M, Guarnieri P, Silva J et al. (2011) An extensive microRNA-mediated network of RNA-RNA interactions regulates established oncogenic pathways in glioblastoma. Cell 147(2):370–381

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Svoboda P (2014) Renaissance of mammalian endogenous RNAi. FEBS Lett 588(15):2550–2556

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Tian Z, Liang G, Cui K, Liang Y, Wang Q, Lv S, Cheng X, Zhang L (2021) Insight into the prospects for RNAi therapy of cancer. Front Pharmacol 12:308

    Article  Google Scholar 

  95. Tun GSZ, Gleeson D, Al-Joudeh A, Dube A (2022) Immune-mediated hepatitis with the modeRNA vaccine, no longer a coincidence but confirmed. J Hepatol 76(3):747–749

    Article  Google Scholar 

  96. USA Today. Death of florida doctor after receiving covid-19 vaccine under investigation. https://eu.usatoday.com/story/news/health/2021/01/06/death-florida-doctor-following-pfizer-covid-19-vaccine-under-investigation-gregory-michael/6574414002/

  97. Van Hoecke L, Roose K, Ballegeer M, Zhong Z, Sanders NN, De Koker S, Saelens X, Van Lint S (2020) The opposing effect of type I IFN on the t cell response by non-modified mRNA-lipoplex vaccines is determined by the route of administration. Mol Therapy-Nucleic Acids 22:373–381

    Article  Google Scholar 

  98. Verbeke R, Lentacker I, De Smedt SC, Dewitte H (2019) Three decades of messenger RNA vaccine development. Nano Today 28:100766

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Waheed S, Bayas A, Hindi F, Rizvi Z, Espinosa PS (2021) Neurological complications of covid-19: Guillain-barre syndrome following pfizer covid-19 vaccine. Cureus 13(2)

    Google Scholar 

  100. Wang Q, Zhang L, Kuwahara K, Li L, Liu Z, Li T, Zhu H, Liu J, Xu Y, **e J, et al. (2016) Immunodominant sars coronavirus epitopes in humans elicited both enhancing and neutralizing effects on infection in non-human primates. ACS Infect Diseases 2(5):361–376

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Weingartl H, Czub M, Czub S, Neufeld J, Marszal P, Gren J, Smith G, Jones S, Proulx R, Deschambault Y et al. (2004) Immunization with modified vaccinia virus ankara-based recombinant vaccine against severe acute respiratory syndrome is associated with enhanced hepatitis in ferrets. J Virol 78(22):12672–12676

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Wise J (2021) Covid-19: Rare immune response may cause clots after AstraZeneca vaccine, say researchers. BMJ 373:n954

    Article  Google Scholar 

  103. Zhang C, Maruggi G, Shan H, Li J (2019) Advances in mRNA vaccines for infectious diseases. Front Immunol 10:594

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Zhang L, Richards A, Khalil A, Wogram E, Ma H, Young RA, Jaenisch R (2020) SARS-COV-2 RNA reverse-transcribed and integrated into the human genome. bioRxiv

    Google Scholar 

  105. Zhao J, Zhao J, Mangalam A, Channappanavar R, Fett C, Meyerholz D, Agnihothram S, Baric R, David C, Perlman S (2016) Airway memory CD4+  t cells mediate protective immunity against emerging respiratory coronaviruses. Immunity 44(6):1379–1391

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Zuo Y, Estes SK, Ali RA, Gandhi AA, Yalavarthi S, Shi H, Sule G, Gockman K, Madison JA, Zuo M, Yadav V, Wang J, Woodard W, Lezak SP, Lugogo NL, Smith SA, Morrissey JH, Kanthi Y, Knight JS (2020) Prothrombotic autoantibodies in serum from patients hospitalized with covid-19. Sci Transl Med 12(570):eabd3876

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Kaernten, Austria

    Siguna Mueller

Authors
  1. Siguna Mueller
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2023 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Mueller, S. (2023). Relevance for mRNA Vaccine Safety. In: Challenges and Opportunities of mRNA Vaccines Against SARS-CoV-2. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-18903-6_3

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation