SpringerLink
Log in

Valvular Heart Disease in the Elderly: Clinical and Multi-Modality Imaging Perspectives

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Cardiovascular Disease in the Elderly

Part of the book series: Contemporary Cardiology ((CONCARD))

  • 703 Accesses

Abstract

With the aging population and increasing life expectancy around the world, the prevalence of valvular heart disease has continued to rise over the last few decades and is associated with significant mortality and morbidity. Managing such patients start with being aware of the clinical features and implications of valvular heart disease, followed by appropriate utilizations of the diagnostic and prognostic value of cardiac imaging. Advances in multimodality imaging coupled with surgical and percutaneous therapies have added dimensions to how we optimally manage elderly patients with valvular heart disease in a multidisciplinary setting. This chapter will focus on discussing the main clinical and diagnostic imaging perspectives of the four most commonly encountered valvular lesions in the elderly: aortic stenosis, aortic regurgitation, mitral regurgitation, and tricuspid regurgitation. Surgical and transcatheter management for valvular heart disease will be addressed in subsequent chapters.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Springer+ Basic
EUR 32.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or Ebook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free ship** worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 159.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free ship** worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Iung B, Baron G, Butchart EG, Delahaye F, Gohlke-Bärwolf C, Levang OW, et al. A prospective survey of patients with valvular heart disease in Europe: The Euro Heart Survey on Valvular Heart Disease. Eur Heart J. 2003;24(13):1231–43.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Nkomo VT, Gardin JM, Skelton TN, Gottdiener JS, Scott CG, Enriquez-Sarano M. Burden of valvular heart diseases: a population-based study. Lancet (London, England). 2006;368(9540):1005–11.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Zoghbi WA, Adams D, Bonow RO, Enriquez-Sarano M, Foster E, Grayburn PA, et al. Recommendations for Noninvasive Evaluation of Native Valvular Regurgitation: A Report from the American Society of Echocardiography Developed in Collaboration with the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2017;30(4):303–71.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Otto CM, Nishimura RA, Bonow RO, Carabello BA, Erwin JP 3rd, Gentile F, et al. 2020 ACC/AHA Guideline for the Management of Patients With Valvular Heart Disease: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2021;143(5):e35–71.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Baumgartner HC, Hung JC-C, Bermejo J, Chambers JB, Edvardsen T, Goldstein S, et al. Recommendations on the echocardiographic assessment of aortic valve stenosis: a focused update from the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging and the American Society of Echocardiography. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2017;18(3):254–75.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Baumgartner H, Falk V, Bax JJ, De Bonis M, Hamm C, Holm PJ, et al. 2017 ESC/EACTS guidelines for the management of valvular heart disease. Eur Heart J. 2017;38(36):2739–91.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Osnabrugge RL, Mylotte D, Head SJ, Van Mieghem NM, Nkomo VT, LeReun CM, et al. Aortic stenosis in the elderly: disease prevalence and number of candidates for transcatheter aortic valve replacement: a meta-analysis and modeling study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;62(11):1002–12.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. O’Brien SM, Feng L, He X, **an Y, Jacobs JP, Badhwar V, et al. The Society of Thoracic Surgeons 2018 adult cardiac surgery risk models: part 2-statistical methods and results. Ann Thorac Surg. 2018;105(5):1419–28.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Varadarajan P, Kapoor N, Bansal RC, Pai RG. Survival in elderly patients with severe aortic stenosis is dramatically improved by aortic valve replacement: results from a cohort of 277 patients aged > or =80 years. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2006;30(5):722–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Roberts WC, Ko JM. Frequency by decades of unicuspid, bicuspid, and tricuspid aortic valves in adults having isolated aortic valve replacement for aortic stenosis, with or without associated aortic regurgitation. Circulation. 2005;111(7):920–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Stewart BF, Siscovick D, Lind BK, Gardin JM, Gottdiener JS, Smith VE, et al. Clinical factors associated with calcific aortic valve disease. Cardiovascular health study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1997;29(3):630–4.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. King RM, Pluth JR, Giuliani ER. The association of unexplained gastrointestinal bleeding with calcific aortic stenosis. Ann Thorac Surg. 1987;44(5):514–6.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Vincentelli A, Susen S, Le Tourneau T, Six I, Fabre O, Juthier F, et al. Acquired von Willebrand syndrome in aortic stenosis. N Engl J Med. 2003;349(4):343–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Chen S, Redfors B, O’Neill BP, Clavel MA, Pibarot P, Elmariah S, et al. Low and elevated B-type natriuretic peptide levels are associated with increased mortality in patients with preserved ejection fraction undergoing transcatheter aortic valve replacement: an analysis of the PARTNER II trial and registry. Eur Heart J. 2020;41(8):958–69.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Nakatsuma K, Taniguchi T, Morimoto T, Shiomi H, Ando K, Kanamori N, et al. B-type natriuretic peptide in patients with asymptomatic severe aortic stenosis. Heart. 2019;105(5):384–90.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Mitchell C, Rahko PS, Blauwet LA, Canaday B, Finstuen JA, Foster MC, et al. Guidelines for performing a comprehensive transthoracic echocardiographic examination in adults: recommendations from the American Society of Echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2019;32(1):1–64.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Thaden JJ, Nkomo VT, Lee KJ, Oh JK. Doppler imaging in aortic stenosis: the importance of the nonapical imaging windows to determine severity in a contemporary cohort. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2015;28(7):780–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Zoghbi WA, Chambers JB, Dumesnil JG, Foster E, Gottdiener JS, Grayburn PA, et al. Recommendations for evaluation of prosthetic valves with echocardiography and doppler ultrasound: a report From the American Society of Echocardiography’s Guidelines and Standards Committee and the Task Force on Prosthetic Valves, developed in conjunction with the American College of Cardiology Cardiovascular Imaging Committee, Cardiac Imaging Committee of the American Heart Association, the European Association of Echocardiography, a registered branch of the European Society of Cardiology, the Japanese Society of Echocardiography and the Canadian Society of Echocardiography, endorsed by the American College of Cardiology Foundation, American Heart Association, European Association of Echocardiography, a registered branch of the European Society of Cardiology, the Japanese Society of Echocardiography, and Canadian Society of Echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2009;22(9):975–1014. quiz 82–4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Saeed S, Rajani R, Seifert R, Parkin D, Chambers JB. Exercise testing in patients with asymptomatic moderate or severe aortic stenosis. Heart. 2018;104(22):1836–42.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Magne J, Cosyns B, Popescu BA, Carstensen HG, Dahl J, Desai MY, et al. Distribution and prognostic significance of left ventricular global longitudinal strain in asymptomatic significant aortic stenosis: an individual participant data meta-analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol Img. 2019;12(1):84–92.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Hahn RT, Abraham T, Adams MS, Bruce CJ, Glas KE, Lang RM, et al. Guidelines for performing a comprehensive transesophageal echocardiographic examination: recommendations from the American Society of Echocardiography and the Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2013;26(9):921–64.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Vaquerizo B, Spaziano M, Alali J, Mylote D, Theriault-Lauzier P, Alfagih R, et al. Three-dimensional echocardiography vs. computed tomography for transcatheter aortic valve replacement sizing. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2016;17(1):15–23.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Nicoara A, Skubas N, Ad N, Finley A, Hahn RT, Mahmood F, et al. Guidelines for the Use of Transesophageal Echocardiography to Assist with Surgical Decision-Making in the Operating Room: A Surgery-Based Approach: From the American Society of Echocardiography in Collaboration with the Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists and the Society of Thoracic Surgeons. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2020;33(6):692–734.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Blanke P, Weir-McCall JR, Achenbach S, Delgado V, Hausleiter J, Jilaihawi H, et al. Computed tomography imaging in the context of transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI)/transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR): an expert consensus document of the Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography. J Cardiovasc Comput Tomogr. 2019;13(1):1–20.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Clavel MA, Pibarot P, Messika-Zeitoun D, Capoulade R, Malouf J, Aggarval S, et al. Impact of aortic valve calcification, as measured by MDCT, on survival in patients with aortic stenosis: results of an international registry study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;64(12):1202–13.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Francone M, Budde RPJ, Bremerich J, Dacher JN, Loewe C, Wolf F, et al. CT and MR imaging prior to transcatheter aortic valve implantation: standardisation of scanning protocols, measurements and reporting-a consensus document by the European Society of Cardiovascular Radiology (ESCR). Eur Radiol. 2020;30(5):2627–50.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Makkar RR, Fontana G, Jilaihawi H, Chakravarty T, Kofoed KF, De Backer O, et al. Possible subclinical leaflet thrombosis in bioprosthetic aortic valves. N Engl J Med. 2015;373(21):2015–24.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Kramer CM, Barkhausen J, Bucciarelli-Ducci C, Flamm SD, Kim RJ, Nagel E. Standardized cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) protocols: 2020 update. J Cardiovasc Magn Resonan. 2020;22(1):17.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Pouleur AC, le Polain de Waroux JB, Pasquet A, Vancraeynest D, Vanoverschelde JL, Gerber BL. Planimetric and continuity equation assessment of aortic valve area: Head to head comparison between cardiac magnetic resonance and echocardiography. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2007;26(6):1436–43.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Lang RM, Badano LP, Mor-Avi V, Afilalo J, Armstrong A, Ernande L, et al. Recommendations for cardiac chamber quantification by echocardiography in adults: an update from the American Society of Echocardiography and the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2015;16(3):233–70.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Balciunaite G, Skorniakov V, Rimkus A, Zaremba T, Palionis D, Valeviciene N, et al. Prevalence and prognostic value of late gadolinium enhancement on CMR in aortic stenosis: meta-analysis. Eur Radiol. 2020;30(1):640–51.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Lee H, Park JB, Yoon YE, Park EA, Kim HK, Lee W, et al. Noncontrast myocardial T1 map** by cardiac magnetic resonance predicts outcome in patients with aortic stenosis. J Am Coll Cardiol Img. 2018;11(7):974–83.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Everett RJ, Treibel TA, Fukui M, Lee H, Rigolli M, Singh A, et al. Extracellular myocardial volume in patients with aortic stenosis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020;75(3):304–16.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Coffey S, Cairns BJ, Iung B. The modern epidemiology of heart valve disease. Heart. 2016;102(1):75–85.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Babu AN, Kymes SM, Carpenter Fryer SM. Eponyms and the diagnosis of aortic regurgitation: what says the evidence? Ann Intern Med. 2003;138(9):736–42.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Pizarro R, Bazzino OO, Oberti PF, Falconi ML, Arias AM, Krauss JG, et al. Prospective validation of the prognostic usefulness of B-type natriuretic peptide in asymptomatic patients with chronic severe aortic regurgitation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011;58(16):1705–14.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Alashi A, Khullar T, Mentias A, Gillinov AM, Roselli EE, Svensson LG, et al. Long-term outcomes after aortic valve surgery in patients with asymptomatic chronic aortic regurgitation and preserved LVEF: impact of baseline and follow-up global longitudinal strain. J Am Coll Cardiol Img. 2020;13(1 Pt 1):12–21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Bolen MA, Popovic ZB, Rajiah P, Gabriel RS, Zurick AO, Lieber ML, et al. Cardiac MR assessment of aortic regurgitation: holodiastolic flow reversal in the descending aorta helps stratify severity. Radiology. 2011;260(1):98–104.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Gabriel RS, Renapurkar R, Bolen MA, Verhaert D, Leiber M, Flamm SD, et al. Comparison of severity of aortic regurgitation by cardiovascular magnetic resonance versus transthoracic echocardiography. Am J Cardiol. 2011;108(7):1014–20.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Kammerlander AA, Wiesinger M, Duca F, Aschauer S, Binder C, Zotter Tufaro C, et al. Diagnostic and prognostic utility of cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in aortic regurgitation. J Am Coll Cardiol Img. 2019;12(8 Pt 1):1474–83.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Singh JP, Evans JC, Levy D, Larson MG, Freed LA, Fuller DL, et al. Prevalence and clinical determinants of mitral, tricuspid, and aortic regurgitation (the Framingham Heart Study). Am J Cardiol. 1999;83(6):897–902.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Carpentier A. Cardiac valve surgery—the “French correction”. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1983;86(3):323–37.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Ponikowski P, Voors AA, Anker SD, Bueno H, Cleland JGF, Coats AJS, et al. 2016 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure: The Task Force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC)Developed with the special contribution of the heart failure association (HFA) of the ESC. Eur Heart J. 2016;37(27):2129–200.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Yancy CW, Jessup M, Bozkurt B, Butler J, Casey DE Jr, Colvin MM, et al. 2017 ACC/AHA/HFSA Focused Update of the 2013 ACCF/AHA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines and the Heart Failure Society of America. Circulation. 2017;136(6):e137–e61.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Dejgaard LA, Skjølsvik ET, Lie ØH, Ribe M, Stokke MK, Hegbom F, et al. The mitral annulus disjunction arrhythmic syndrome. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018;72(14):1600–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. Essayagh B, Sabbag A, Antoine C, Benfari G, Yang LT, Maalouf J, et al. Presentation and outcome of arrhythmic mitral valve prolapse. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020;76(6):637–49.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. Nordhues BD, Siontis KC, Scott CG, Nkomo VT, Ackerman MJ, Asirvatham SJ, et al. Bileaflet mitral valve prolapse and risk of ventricular dysrhythmias and death. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2016;27(4):463–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. Chehab O, Roberts-Thomson R, Ng Yin Ling C, Marber M, Prendergast BD, Rajani R, et al. Secondary mitral regurgitation: pathophysiology, proportionality and prognosis. Heart. 2020;106(10):716–23.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. Sannino A, Smith RL 2nd, Schiattarella GG, Trimarco B, Esposito G, Grayburn PA. Survival and cardiovascular outcomes of patients with secondary mitral regurgitation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Cardiol. 2017;2(10):1130–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. Clavel MA, Tribouilloy C, Vanoverschelde JL, Pizarro R, Suri RM, Szymanski C, et al. Association of B-type natriuretic peptide with survival in patients with degenerative mitral regurgitation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;68(12):1297–307.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Bartko PE, Arfsten H, Heitzinger G, Pavo N, Toma A, Strunk G, et al. A unifying concept for the quantitative assessment of secondary mitral regurgitation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019;73(20):2506–17.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. Bijvoet GP, Teske AJ, Chamuleau SAJ, Hart EA, Jansen R, Schaap J. Global longitudinal strain to predict left ventricular dysfunction in asymptomatic patients with severe mitral valve regurgitation: literature review. Netherlands Heart J. 2020;28(2):63–72.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Namazi F, van der Bij P, Hirasawa K, Kamperidis V, van Wijngaarden S, Mertens B, et al. Prognostic value of left ventricular global longitudinal strain in patients with significant 2 secondary mitral regurgitation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019;

    Google Scholar 

  54. Mentias A, Naji P, Gillinov AM, Rodriguez LL, Reed G, Mihaljevic T, et al. Strain echocardiography and functional capacity in asymptomatic primary mitral regurgitation with preserved ejection fraction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;68(18):1974–86.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  55. Stone GW, Lindenfeld J, Abraham WT, Kar S, Lim DS, Mishell JM, et al. Transcatheter mitral-valve repair in patients with heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2018;379(24):2307–18.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  56. Obadia JF, Messika-Zeitoun D, Leurent G, Iung B, Bonnet G, Piriou N, et al. Percutaneous repair or medical treatment for secondary mitral regurgitation. N Engl J Med. 2018;379(24):2297–306.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. Grayburn PA, Sannino A, Packer M. Proportionate and disproportionate functional mitral regurgitation: A new conceptual framework that reconciles the results of the MITRA-FR and COAPT trials. J Am Coll Cardiol Img. 2019;12(2):353–62.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. Bushari LI, Reeder GS, Eleid MF, Chandrasekaran K, Eriquez-Sarano M, Rihal CS, et al. Percutaneous transcatheter edge-to-edge MitraClip technique: a practical “step-by-step” 3-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography guide. Mayo Clin Proc. 2019;94(1):89–102.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  59. Zoghbi WA, Asch FM, Bruce C, Gillam LD, Grayburn PA, Hahn RT, et al. Guidelines for the Evaluation of Valvular Regurgitation After Percutaneous Valve Repair or Replacement: A Report from the American Society of Echocardiography Developed in Collaboration with the Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Japanese Society of Echocardiography, and Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2019;32(4):431–75.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  60. Naji P, Griffin BP, Asfahan F, Barr T, Rodriguez LL, Grimm R, et al. Predictors of long-term outcomes in patients with significant myxomatous mitral regurgitation undergoing exercise echocardiography. Circulation. 2014;129(12):1310–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  61. Uretsky S, Gillam L, Lang R, Chaudhry FA, Argulian E, Supariwala A, et al. Discordance between echocardiography and MRI in the assessment of mitral regurgitation severity: a prospective multicenter trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015;65(11):1078–88.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  62. Myerson SG, d’Arcy J, Christiansen JP, Dobson LE, Mohiaddin R, Francis JM, et al. Determination of clinical outcome in mitral regurgitation with cardiovascular magnetic resonance quantification. Circulation. 2016;133(23):2287–96.

    Google Scholar 

  63. Cavalcante JL, Kusunose K, Obuchowski NA, Jellis C, Griffin BP, Flamm SD, et al. Prognostic impact of ischemic mitral regurgitation severity and myocardial infarct quantification by cardiovascular magnetic resonance. J Am Coll Cardiol Img. 2020;13(7):1489–501.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  64. Guerrero M, Wang DD, Pursnani A, Eleid M, Khalique O, Urena M, et al. A cardiac computed tomography-based score to categorize mitral annular calcification severity and predict valve embolization. J Am Coll Cardiol Img. 2020;13(9):1945–57.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  65. Weir-McCall JR, Blanke P, Naoum C, Delgado V, Bax JJ, Leipsic J. Mitral valve imaging with CT: relationship with transcatheter mitral valve interventions. Radiology. 2018;288(3):638–55.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  66. Habib G, Lancellotti P, Antunes MJ, Bongiorni MG, Casalta JP, Del Zotti F, et al. 2015 ESC Guidelines for the management of infective endocarditis: The Task Force for the Management of Infective Endocarditis of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Endorsed by: European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS), the European Association of Nuclear Medicine (EANM). Eur Heart J. 2015;36(44):3075–128.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  67. Nath J, Foster E, Heidenreich PA. Impact of tricuspid regurgitation on long-term survival. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004;43(3):405–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  68. Taramasso M, Alessandrini H, Latib A, Asami M, Attinger-Toller A, Biasco L, et al. Outcomes after current transcatheter tricuspid valve intervention: mid-term results from the international TriValve registry. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2019;12(2):155–65.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  69. Bohbot Y, Chadha G, Delabre J, Landemaine T, Beyls C, Tribouilloy C. Characteristics and prognosis of patients with significant tricuspid regurgitation. Arch Cardiovasc Dis. 2019;112(10):604–14.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  70. Vieitez JM, Monteagudo JM, Mahia P, Perez L, Lopez T, Marco I, et al. New insights of tricuspid regurgitation: a large-scale prospective cohort study. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2021;22(2):196–202.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  71. Wang TKM, Akyuz K, Mentias A, Kirincich J, Duran Crane A, Xu S, et al. Contemporary etiologies, outcomes, and novel risk score for isolated tricuspid regurgitation. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2022;15(5):731–44.

    Google Scholar 

  72. Dreyfus J, Flagiello M, Bazire B, Eggenspieler F, Viau F, Riant E, et al. Isolated tricuspid valve surgery: impact of aetiology and clinical presentation on outcomes. Eur Heart J. 2020;41(45):4304–17.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  73. Muraru D, Guta AC, Ochoa-Jimenez RC, Bartos D, Aruta P, Mihaila S, et al. Functional regurgitation of atrioventricular valves and atrial fibrillation: an elusive pathophysiological link deserving further attention. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2020;33(1):42–53.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  74. Góngora E, Dearani JA, Orszulak TA, Schaff HV, Li Z, Sundt TM. 3rd. Tricuspid regurgitation in patients undergoing pericardiectomy for constrictive pericarditis. Ann Thorac Surg. 2008;85(1):163–70; discussion 70–1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  75. Stout KK, Daniels CJ, Aboulhosn JA, Bozkurt B, Broberg CS, Colman JM, et al. 2018 AHA/ACC Guideline for the Management of Adults With Congenital Heart Disease: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019;73(12):e81–e192.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  76. Axtell AL, Bhambhani V, Moonsamy P, Healy EW, Picard MH, Sundt TM, et al. Surgery is not associated with improved survival compared to medical therapy in isolated severe tricuspid regurgitation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019;74(6):715–25.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  77. Kundi H, Popma JJ, Cohen DJ, Liu DC, Laham RJ, Pinto DS, et al. Prevalence and outcomes of isolated tricuspid valve surgery among Medicare beneficiaries. Am J Cardiol. 2019;123(1):132–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  78. Vassileva CM, Shabosky J, Boley T, Markwell S, Hazelrigg S. Tricuspid valve surgery: the past 10 years from the Nationwide inpatient sample (NIS) database. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2012;143(5):1043–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  79. Zack CJ, Fender EA, Chandrashekar P, Reddy YNV, Bennett CE, Stulak JM, et al. National trends and outcomes in isolated tricuspid valve surgery. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017;70(24):2953–60.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  80. Konstam MA, Kiernan MS, Bernstein D, Bozkurt B, Jacob M, Kapur NK, et al. Evaluation and Management of Right-Sided Heart Failure: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2018;137(20):e578–622.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  81. Chorin E, Rozenbaum Z, Topilsky Y, Konigstein M, Ziv-Baran T, Richert E, et al. Tricuspid regurgitation and long-term clinical outcomes. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2020;21(2):157–65.

    Google Scholar 

  82. Hahn RT, Zamorano JL. The need for a new tricuspid regurgitation grading scheme. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2017;18(12):1342–3.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  83. Muraru D, Hahn RT, Soliman OI, Faletra FF, Basso C, Badano LP. 3-dimensional echocardiography in imaging the tricuspid valve. J Am Coll Cardiol Img. 2019;12(3):500–15.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  84. Doherty JU, Kort S, Mehran R, Schoenhagen P, Soman P. ACC/AATS/AHA/ASE/ASNC/HRS/SCAI/SCCT/SCMR/STS 2017 Appropriate Use Criteria for Multimodality Imaging in Valvular Heart Disease: A Report of the American College of Cardiology Appropriate Use Criteria Task Force, American Association for Thoracic Surgery, American Heart Association, American Society of Echocardiography, American Society of Nuclear Cardiology, Heart Rhythm Society, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography, Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance, and Society of Thoracic Surgeons. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017;70(13):1647–72.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  85. Zhan Y, Senapati A, Vejpongsa P, Xu J, Shah DJ, Nagueh SF. Comparison of echocardiographic assessment of tricuspid regurgitation against cardiovascular magnetic resonance. J Am Coll Cardiol Img. 2020;13(7):1461–71.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  86. Zhan Y, Debs D, Khan MA, Nguyen DT, Graviss EA, Khalaf S, et al. Natural history of functional tricuspid regurgitation quantified by cardiovascular magnetic resonance. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020;76(11):1291–301.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  87. Wang TKM, Akyuz K, Reyaldeen R, Griffin BP, Popovic ZB, Pettersson GB, et al. Prognostic value of complementary echocardiography and magnetic resonance imaging quantitative evaluation for isolated tricuspid regurgitation. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2021;14(9):e012211.

    Google Scholar 

  88. Khalique OK, Cavalcante JL, Shah D, Guta AC, Zhan Y, Piazza N, et al. Multimodality imaging of the tricuspid valve and right heart anatomy. J Am Coll Cardiol Img. 2019;12(3):516–31.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  89. van Rosendael PJ, Kamperidis V, Kong WK, van Rosendael AR, van der Kley F, Ajmone Marsan N, et al. Computed tomography for planning transcatheter tricuspid valve therapy. Eur Heart J. 2017;38(9):665–74.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Section of Cardiovascular Imaging, Heart, Vascular and Thoracic Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA

    Tom Kai Ming Wang & Milind Y. Desai

Authors
  1. Tom Kai Ming Wang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Milind Y. Desai
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Milind Y. Desai .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA

    Thorsten M. Leucker

  2. School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA

    Gary Gerstenblith

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2023 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Wang, T.K.M., Desai, M.Y. (2023). Valvular Heart Disease in the Elderly: Clinical and Multi-Modality Imaging Perspectives. In: Leucker, T.M., Gerstenblith, G. (eds) Cardiovascular Disease in the Elderly. Contemporary Cardiology. Humana, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16594-8_9

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16594-8_9

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Humana, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-031-16593-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-031-16594-8

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation