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Mammarenavirus Genetic Diversity and Its Biological Implications

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Viral Fitness and Evolution

Part of the book series: Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology ((CT MICROBIOLOGY,volume 439))

Abstract

Members of the family Arenaviridae are classified into four genera: Antennavirus, Hartmanivirus, Mammarenavirus, and Reptarenavirus. Reptarenaviruses and hartmaniviruses infect (captive) snakes and have been shown to cause boid inclusion body disease (BIBD). Antennaviruses have genomes consisting of 3, rather than 2, segments, and were discovered in actinopterygian fish by next-generation sequencing but no biological isolate has been reported yet. The hosts of mammarenaviruses are mainly rodents and infections are generally asymptomatic. Current knowledge about the biology of reptarenaviruses, hartmaniviruses, and antennaviruses is very limited and their zoonotic potential is unknown. In contrast, some mammarenaviruses are associated with zoonotic events that pose a threat to human health. This review will focus on mammarenavirus genetic diversity and its biological implications. Some mammarenaviruses including lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) are excellent experimental model systems for the investigation of acute and persistent viral infections, whereas others including Lassa (LASV) and Junin (JUNV) viruses, the causative agents of Lassa fever (LF) and Argentine hemorrhagic fever (AHF), respectively, are important human pathogens. Mammarenaviruses were thought to have high degree of intra-and inter-species amino acid sequence identities, but recent evidence has revealed a high degree of mammarenavirus genetic diversity in the field. Moreover, closely related mammarenavirus can display dramatic phenotypic differences in vivo. These findings support a role of genetic variability in mammarenavirus adaptability and pathogenesis. Here, we will review the molecular biology of mammarenaviruses, phylogeny, and evolution, as well as the quasispecies dynamics of mammarenavirus populations and their biological implications.

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Acknowledgements

M.S. acknowledges support from the Italian Ministry of Health (‘Ricerca Corrente 2019–2020’); D.F. acknowledges support from the Italian Ministry of Health (‘Ricerca Corrente 2018–2020’). JCT was supported by NIH/NIAID grants AI125626 and AI128556. This is the manuscript # XXX from The Scripps Research Institute.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Bioinformatics, Scientific Institute IRCCS E. MEDEA, 23842, Bosisio Parini, Italy

    Manuela Sironi & Diego Forni

  2. Department Immunology and Microbiology IMM-6, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA

    Juan C. de la Torre

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  1. Manuela Sironi
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  2. Diego Forni
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Correspondence to Juan C. de la Torre .

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  1. (CSIC-UAM), Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Madrid, Spain

    Esteban Domingo

  2. Institut für Theoretische Chemie, Universität Wien, Vienna, Austria

    Peter Schuster

  3. (CSIC-UV), Instituto de Biología Integrativa de Sistemas, Valencia, Spain

    Santiago F. Elena

  4. (CSIC), Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Madrid, Spain

    Celia Perales

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Sironi, M., Forni, D., de la Torre, J.C. (2023). Mammarenavirus Genetic Diversity and Its Biological Implications. In: Domingo, E., Schuster, P., Elena, S.F., Perales, C. (eds) Viral Fitness and Evolution. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology, vol 439. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-15640-3_8

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