Abstract
The cerebellum contributes to virtually all aspects of behavior in health and disease. Cerebellar findings are common across different types of neuroimaging studies of brain function and dysfunction. A large and expanding body of literature map** motor and non-motor functions in the healthy human cerebellar cortex using fMRI has served as a tool for interpreting these observations. For example, cerebellar atrophy in Alzheimer’s disease in some areas of Crus I/II and lobule IX can be interpreted by consulting a large number of task, resting-state, and gradient-based reports that describe the functional characteristics of these focal regions of the cerebellar cortex. Here, we summarize the organizational principles observed consistently across these imaging studies of the cerebellum. This basic framework may be useful for investigators performing or reading experiments that require a functional interpretation of human cerebellar topography. Text in this chapter is adapted, updated, and expanded based on a prior publication by the same authors (Guell and Schmahmann, Cerebellum. 19:1–5, 2020).
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Barch DM, Burgess GC, Harms MP, Petersen SE, Schlaggar BL, Corbetta M et al (2013) Function in the human connectome: task-fMRI and individual differences in behavior. NeuroImage 80:169–189
Benussi A, Cantoni V, Manes M, Libri I, Dell’Era V, Datta A et al (2021) Motor and cognitive outcomes of cerebello-spinal stimulation in neurodegenerative ataxia. Brain 144(8):2310–2321
Brady RO, Gonsalvez I, Lee I, Öngür D, Seidman LJ, Schmahmann JD et al (2019) Cerebellar-prefrontal network connectivity and negative symptoms in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 179(7):512–520
Braga RM, Buckner RL (2017) Parallel interdigitated distributed networks within the individual estimated by intrinsic functional connectivity. Neuron 95(2):457–471.e5
Brissenden JA, Levin EJ, Osher DE, Halko MA, Somers DC (2016) Functional evidence for a cerebellar node of the dorsal attention network. J Neurosci 36(22):6083–6096
Brissenden J, Tobyne S, Osher D, Levin E, Halko M, Somers D (2018) Topographic corticocerebellar networks revealed by visual attention and working memory. Curr Biol 28:3364–3372
Buckner RL, Andrews-Hanna JR, Schacter DL (2008) The brain’s default network: anatomy, function, and relevance to disease. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1124:1–38
Buckner RL, Krienen FM, Castellanos A, Diaz JC, Yeo BTT (2011) The organization of the human cerebellum estimated by intrinsic functional connectivity. J Neurophysiol 106(5):2322–2345
Chen AC, Oathes DJ, Chang C, Bradley T, Zhou Z-W, Williams LM et al (2013) Causal interactions between fronto-parietal central executive and default-mode networks in humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci 110(49):19944–19949
D’Mello AM, Gabrieli JDE, Nee DE (2020) Evidence for hierarchical cognitive control in the human cerebellum. Curr Biol 30(10):1881–1892.e3
Farzan F, Pascual-Leone A, Schmahmann JD, Halko M (2016) Enhancing the temporal complexity of distributed brain networks with patterned cerebellar stimulation. Sci Rep 6:1–9
Fox MD, Snyder AZ, Vincent JL, Corbetta M, Van Essen DC, Raichle ME (2005) The human brain is intrinsically organized into dynamic, anticorrelated functional networks. Proc Natl Acad Sci 102(27):9673–9678
Fujita H, Kodama T, Du Lac S (2020) Modular output circuits of the fastigial nucleus for diverse motor and nonmotor functions of the cerebellar vermis. elife 9:e58613
Gelinas JN, Fitzpatrick KPV, Kim HC, Bjornson BH (2014) Cerebellar language map** and cerebral language dominance in pediatric epilepsy surgery patients. NeuroImage Clin 6:296–306
Goldberg JM, Wilson VJ, Cullen KE, Angelaki DE, Broussard DM, Buttner-Ennever J et al (2012) The vestibular system: a sixth sense. 1st ed. The vestibular system: a sixth sense. Oxford Scholarship Online
Guell X, Schmahmann J (2020) Cerebellar functional anatomy: a didactic summary based on human fMRI evidence. Cerebellum 19:1–5
Guell X, Gabrieli JDE, Schmahmann JD (2018a) Triple representation of language, working memory, social and emotion processing in the cerebellum: convergent evidence from task and seed-based resting-state fMRI analyses in a single large cohort. NeuroImage 172:437–449
Guell X, Schmahmann J, Gabrieli J, Ghosh S (2018b) Functional gradients of the cerebellum. Elife 7:e36652
Guell X, Goncalves M, Kaczmarzyk J, Gabrieli J, Schmahmann J, Ghosh S (2019a) LittleBrain: a gradient-based tool for the topographical interpretation of cerebellar neuroimaging findings. PLoS One 14(1):e0210028
Guell X, D’Mello AM, Hubbard NA, Romeo RR, Gabrieli JDE, Whitfield-Gabrieli S et al (2019b) Functional territories of human dentate nucleus. Cereb Cortex 30(4):2401–2417
Habas C, Kamdar N, Nguyen D, Prater K, Beckmann CF, Menon V et al (2009) Distinct cerebellar contributions to intrinsic connectivity networks. J Neurosci 29(26):8586–8594
Halko MA, Farzan F, Eldaief MC, Schmahmann JD, Pascual-Leone A (2014) Intermittent theta-burst stimulation of the lateral cerebellum increases functional connectivity of the default network. J Neurosci 34(36):12049–12056
Hayden BY, Smith DV, Platt ML (2009) Electrophysiological correlates of default-mode processing in macaque posterior cingulate cortex. Proc Natl Acad Sci 106(14):5948–5953
Keren-Happuch E, Chen SHA, Ho MHR, Desmond JE (2014) A meta-analysis of cerebellar contributions to higher cognition from PET and fMRI studies. Hum Brain Mapp 35(2):593–615
King M, Hernandez-Castillo CR, Poldrack RA, Ivry RB, Diedrichsen J (2019) Functional boundaries in the human cerebellum revealed by a multi-domain task battery. Nat Neurosci 22:1371–1378
Levinson HN (1989) The cerebellar-vestibular predisposition to anxiety disorders. Percept Mot Skills 68(1):323–338
Manto M, Mariën P (2015) Schmahmann’s syndrome - identification of the third cornerstone of clinical ataxiology. Cerebellum Ataxias 2:2
Marek S, Siegel JS, Gordon EM, Raut RV, Gratton C, Newbold DJ et al (2018) Spatial and temporal Organization of the Individual Cerebellum. Neuron 100:977–993
Margulies DS, Ghosh SS, Goulas A, Falkiewicz M, Huntenburg JM, Langs G et al (2016) Situating the default-mode network along a principal gradient of macroscale cortical organization. Proc Natl Acad Sci 113(44):12574–12579
Marien P, Engelborghs S, Fabbro F, Deyn D (2001) The lateralized linguistic cerebellum: a review and a new hypothesis. Brain Lang 79(3):580–600
Mars RB, Neubert F-X, Noonan MP, Sallet J, Toni I, Rushworth MFS (2012) On the relationship between the “default mode network” and the “social brain”. Front Hum Neurosci 6:189
O’Reilly JX, Beckmann CF, Tomassini V, Ramnani N, Johansen-Berg H (2010) Distinct and overlap** functional zones in the cerebellum defined by resting state functional connectivity. Cereb Cortex 20(4):953–965
Schmahmann J (1991) An emerging concept: the cerebellar contribution to higher function. Arch Neurol 48(11):1178–1187
Schmahmann JD, Sherman JC (1998) The cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome. Brain 121(4):561–579
Schmahmann JD, Weilburg JB, Sherman JC (2007) The neuropsychiatry of the cerebellum - insights from the clinic. Cerebellum 6(3):254–267
Schmahmann J, Guell X, Stoodley C, Halko M (2019) The theory and neuroscience of cerebellar cognition. Annu Rev Neurosci 42:337–364
Snider R, Eldred E (1952) Cerebrocerebellar relationships in the monkey. J Neurophysiol 15(1):27–40
Stoodley CJ, Schmahmann JD (2009) Functional topography in the human cerebellum: a meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies. NeuroImage 44(2):489–501
Stoodley CJ, Valera EM, Schmahmann JD (2010) An fMRI study of intra-individual functional topography in the human cerebellum. Behav Neurol 23(1–2):65–79
Stoodley CJ, Valera EM, Schmahmann JD (2012) Functional topography of the cerebellum for motor and cognitive tasks: an fMRI study. NeuroImage 59(2):1560–1570
Stoodley CJ, MacMore JP, Makris N, Sherman JC, Schmahmann JD (2016) Location of lesion determines motor vs. cognitive consequences in patients with cerebellar stroke. NeuroImage Clin 12:765–775
van Es DM, van der Zwaag W, Knapen T (2019) Topographic maps of visual space in the human cerebellum. Curr Biol 29(10):1689–1694.e3
Van Overwalle F, Baetens K, Mariën P, Vandekerckhove M (2014) Social cognition and the cerebellum: a meta-analysis of over 350 fMRI studies. NeuroImage 86:554–572
Van Overwalle F, Baetens K, Mariën P, Vandekerckhove M (2015) Cerebellar areas dedicated to social cognition? A comparison of meta-analytic and connectivity results. Soc Neurosci 10(4):337–344
Voogd J, Schraa-Tam CKL, Van Der Geest JN, De Zeeuw CI (2012) Visuomotor cerebellum in human and nonhuman primates. Cerebellum 11(2):392–410
Xue A, Kong R, Yang Q, Eldaief M, Angeli P, DiNicola L et al (2021) The detailed organization of the human cerebellum estimated by intrinsic functional connectivity within the individual. J Neurophysiol 125:358–384
Yeo B, Krienen FM, Sepulcre J, Sabuncu MR, Lashkari D, Hollinshead M et al (2011) The organization of the human cerebral cortex estimated by intrinsic functional connectivity. J Neurophysiol 106(3):1125–1165
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Ethics declarations
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2023 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Guell, X., Schmahmann, J.D. (2023). fMRI-Based Anatomy: Map** the Cerebellum. In: Gruol, D.L., Koibuchi, N., Manto, M., Molinari, M., Schmahmann, J.D., Shen, Y. (eds) Essentials of Cerebellum and Cerebellar Disorders. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-15070-8_54
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-15070-8_54
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-031-15069-2
Online ISBN: 978-3-031-15070-8
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)