Abstract
Direct laser writing is a powerful technique for the development of photonic devices, namely, by allowing 3D structuring and generation of waveguides and other optical functions in bulk dielectrics by locally changing the material refractive index. One of the main interests of the 3D design is the possibility to avoid in-plane crossings of waveguides that can induce losses and crosstalk in future multi-telescope beam combiners. Another powerful advantage of the direct laser writing technique is the ability to directly photo-write nanoscale dielectric discontinuities, allowing to extract light from a waveguide in a controlled way. This allows to periodically sample an optical signal confined in a waveguide and obtain, by dedicated Fourier transform algorithms, the high-resolution spectrum of the optical source while maintaining a very robust, compact optical device. The versatility of laser writing allows to adapt the technique to different transparency range materials (visible, near-, or mid-infrared) and designs and therefore to address a variety of spectral windows and optical functions with a single technological tool. Finally, direct laser writing allows rapid fabrication of complex optical chips (photonic functions, material ablation, electrode patterning), without needing multiple lithographic steps.
In this chapter, different techniques will be described for waveguide and nano-scattering center fabrication, and it will be shown how this can be used in integrated optics spectroscopy. After describing the principle of the Fourier transform-integrated optics spectrometer, we will explain how laser writing can address the strong requirements needed to achieve high-resolution, high spectral range spectroscopy. In particular, it will be demonstrated that using laser writing to fabricate 3D nano-antennas, the directivity of the sampled signal can be improved. The development of these techniques in electro-optic crystals is also interesting in order to increase the signal-to-noise ratio and the detected spectral window. In a final paragraph, the use of 3D laser writing of waveguides to achieve pupil remap** will be shown, together with some direct applications: image reconstruction, spectro-imaging, and wavelength filtering.
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Martin, G. et al. (2023). Nanoscale Sampling of Optical Signals: Application to High-Resolution Spectroscopy. In: Stoian, R., Bonse, J. (eds) Ultrafast Laser Nanostructuring. Springer Series in Optical Sciences, vol 239. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-14752-4_28
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