Abstract
Between 2003 and 2005, Seoul planners ripped up downtown’s largest expressway and turned it into a clean stream, running through the middle of the city. The Cheonggyecheon stream restoration project is a case study of the increasingly successful greening of Seoul. This restoration and daylighting of a once-buried stream, together with several other Seoul green innovations (e.g., destruction of urban highways and expansion of urban forests, rooftop gardens, urban farming, and bike lanes) are examples of a “green growth” regime that has set hold in Seoul and is changing the landscape of the city. Seoul has achieved a decoupling of urban growth and greenhouse gas emissions, as the city continues to grow while both toxic effluents and greenhouse gas emissions are on the substantial decline.
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Notes
- 1.
“Cheon” means “stream” in Korean, so “Cheonggyecheon” is properly translated as “Cheonggye Stream.” In a precise sense, therefore, saying “Cheonggyecheon stream” is redundant. However, this formulation is common in English language writing about Cheonggyecheon, so we refer to “Cheonggyecheon Stream” here as well.
- 2.
These phrases can be found in exhibits in Seoul’s Cheonggyecheon Museum.
- 3.
“Rush Construction” was Seoul’s official city slogan in 1967.
- 4.
“Moon villages” were communities of informal housing that emerged high on the undeveloped hillsides surrounding Seoul. Though filled with lower-income populations, their higher elevations gave them better views of the moon, and they often enjoyed green spaces meant as urban park lands. For one review of these communities, see Bandun (2021).
- 5.
Biological oxygen demand is a measure of the undesirable presence of aerobic bacteria in the water.
- 6.
Access to the stream is free. This survey attempted to measure citizen’s valuation of the stream area by determining how much people felt they would be willing to pay per year to preserve the open area.
- 7.
Such developments introduced important concerns about gentrification and displacement of lower-income residents and uses in the Cheonggyecheon area. This is an important subject and has been taken up in several studies, but we do not explore those dynamics here. For a representative study, see Lim et al. (2013).
- 8.
A 2020 academic literature review of more than 100 different studies found that the Cheonggycheon project was far and away the most often cited example of a successful daylighting project. See Khirfan et al. (2020).
- 9.
The CRP is cited prolifically across the urban planning literature. Examples include Harvard’s Graduate School of Design’s publication of Deconstruction/Construction: The Cheonggyecheon Restoration Project in Seoul, Development Asia’s Cheonggyecheon case study (“Revitalizing a City by Reviving a Stream”), and the World Bank’s highlighting of the Cheonggyecheon project as a showcase example of positive urban regeneration, available here: https://urban-regeneration.worldbank.org/Seoul.
- 10.
Unfortunately, the large scale of the currently degraded and channelized LA River (32 miles long as it runs through LA) dwarfs the Cheonggyecheon in terms of size, as would the cost to restore it. Moreover, the US political system moves far more slowly in realizing such projects than does Korea’s, so it is unclear when a project of the LA River’s scale could ever be pulled off in the USA.
- 11.
See, for example, Mariarinaldi (2007). For a short review of these Cheonggyecheon critics, see Jeon and Kang (2019), pp. 738–739, and their narrative in footnotes 12 and 13. For an examination of the urban “re-wilding” movement as an alternative to “re-gardening” projects like Cheonggyecheon, see Wolch and Owens (2019).
- 12.
“Green governmentality” refers to authoritative processes by which people are guided to think and behave in the world in ways that are more friendly to the environment. Green governmentality is a way of building the legitimacy of the state and sustaining economic power, while pursuing strategies towards a green society. For a discussion of the concept, especially in the context of Korea’s green growth model, see Blaxkjaer (2016), Uggla and Soneryd (2017).
- 13.
Most large cities in the USA and Asia produce much more GHG per capita than Seoul (e.g., Bei**g, Boston, Chicago, Detroit, Dubai, Hong Kong, Houston, Los Angeles, Melbourne, New York, Pittsburgh, and Singapore). However, many European cities (e.g., Athens, Amsterdam, Berlin, and London) have a smaller carbon footprint, per capita. For a web-accessible viewing of the “Global Gridded Model of Carbon Footprints” of several cities, see http://citycarbonfootprints.info/. See also Moran et al. (2018).
- 14.
Some studies find that urban greenery plays a very small role in absorbing meaningful carbon levels from large cities. See, for example, Velascoa et al. (2016). But as eco-friendly innovations increasingly drive down overall urban emissions, the role of expanding parks across Seoul in absorbing remaining emissions will inevitably become larger and larger. See Bae and Ryu (2013), Kim et al. (2019), Joa et al. (2019).
- 15.
Eligible public buildings receive funding for 100% of the cost of rooftop garden installation. Private buildings can apply for city support and, if successful, the city will pay for 50–70% of the cost of installing a rooftop garden there (Ji et al. 2022).
- 16.
The largest of Korea’s rooftop gardens (and largest in the world) is in Sejong, a new government administrative center 112 km south of Seoul. A complex of 15 government buildings in Sejong is covered by an interlinked rooftop garden network stretching 3.6 km in length and covering 79,194 m2.
- 17.
Seoul had five subway farms in 2020.
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Robinson, T., Ji, M. (2022). Freeway Removal: From Cheonggyecheon to Seoullo 7017. In: Sustainable, Smart and Solidary Seoul. Sustainable Development Goals Series. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-13595-8_3
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