Abstract
Despite close to three decades of genetic studies that have tried to resolve the precise phylogenetic position of owl monkeys (genus Aotus) within the platyrrhine radiation, some issues have proven difficult to address, even as large, genome-wide datasets have been brought to bear on the topic. Genetic data have firmly established that Aotus is more closely related to the cebid primates (capuchins, squirrel monkeys, marmoset, and tamarins) than to the pitheciids (sakis, uacaris, and titis), despite showing remarkable morphological and behavioral similarity to certain members of the latter clade. The branching relationship between the cebids, the pitheciids, and the third major lineage of platyrrhines (the atelids) has been uncertain, although the preponderance of genetic evidence now suggests that atelids and cebids are sister clades. Within the Cebidae, the relative phylogenetic position of Aotus is far from resolved, with different datasets and analytical methods yielding different phylogenetic arrangements. Perhaps most importantly, the genetic evidence suggests a rapid initial diversification of lineages within the early Cebidae and, likely, a large effective ancestral population size, resulting in incomplete lineage sorting. Such a situation complicates phylogenetic analysis and may make resolving the exact position of Aotus and the relative branching order among cebid subfamilies ultimately impossible, even with enormous genomic datasets. Additionally, little attention has yet been paid to the particular biogeographic history of species within the genus Aotus, despite the fact that the genus has one of the widest latitudinal and altitudinal distributions of any platyrrhine. Future genetic studies should focus on more extensive population sampling across the genus’ geographic range.
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Acknowledgments
We are grateful to Eduardo Fernandez-Duque for the invitation to contribute to this volume and to E.M. Ortiz, J. Weber, D. Bolnick, S. Hunicke-Smith, J. Podnar, M. Vasconcellos, M. Wilson and the Genome Sequencing and Analysis Facility (GSAF) at The University of Texas for supporting our ddRAD-Seq study of platyrrhine phylogenetics and for assistance with NGS library preparation and sequencing. Additional support for our work and the writing of this manuscript was generously provided by The University of Texas at Austin College of Liberal Arts, the Schlumberger Foundation’s Faculty for the Future program, the CNPq—Science Without Borders Program, Global Wildlife Conservation (now Re:Wild), the Centro Nacional de Pesquisa de Conservação de Primatas Brasileiros, Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação de Biodiversidade/Ministério do Meio Ambiente, and the National Science Foundation (DDRI BCS 1650844, DDRI BCS 1540270). An earlier version of this manuscript benefited from the constructive comments of the editor and four external peer reviewers, including Jessica Lynch, David Wood, Paul Babb, and an additional anonymous reviewer.
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Di Fiore, A., Valencia, L.M., Martins, A. (2023). Phylogenetics and Biogeography of Owl Monkeys (Aotus): The Molecular Evidence. In: Fernandez-Duque, E. (eds) Owl Monkeys. Developments in Primatology: Progress and Prospects. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-13555-2_3
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-13555-2_3
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