SpringerLink
Log in

Field Surveys and Conservation Status of the Panamanian Owl Monkey (Aotus zonalis)

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Owl Monkeys

Part of the book series: Developments in Primatology: Progress and Prospects ((DIPR))

Abstract

The Panamanian owl monkey (Aotus zonalis) is found from northern Coclé to Darién provinces in Panama, south through the Pacific lowlands of the Chocó biogeographic region, to just north of the Ecuadorian border in Colombia. It is currently listed as Near Threatened on the IUCN Red List. Although much captive research has been conducted, little is known about the current status of wild populations or the species’ actual distribution. We review knowledge of the species conservation ecology and evaluate new data on the presence/absence at 60 sites in Panama, Colombia, and Ecuador and report on anthropogenic activities which may threaten its survival. In combination with the results of previous studies, we found that the species habitat is being reduced by anthropogenic forest clearance, leaving some populations fragmented and susceptible to hunting. Aotus zonalis remains one of the least known primates, and information is needed on its behavior, population dynamics, and ecology.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
EUR 32.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or Ebook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 149.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free ship** worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Allen GM, Barbour T (1923) Mammals from Darien. Bullet Museum Compar Zool 45:259–274

    Google Scholar 

  • Allgas N, Fernández-Hidalgo L, Shanee S (2023, this volume) Owl monkey population densities and factors related to occupancy rates and detectability. In: Fernandez-Duque E (ed) Owl Monkeys. Biology, Adaptive Radiation, and Behavioral Ecology of the Only Nocturnal Primate in the Americas. Springer, Cham

    Google Scholar 

  • Altherr S (2007) Going to Pot: the Neotropical Bushmeat crisis and its impact on primate populations. Care for the wild & Pro Wildlife, Munich

    Google Scholar 

  • Aquino R, Encarnación F (1986) Characteristics and use of slee** sites in Aotus (Cebidae: Primates) in the Amazon lowlands of Peru. Am J Primatol 11(4):319–331. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.1350110403

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Aquino R, Encarnación F (1988) Population densities and geographic distribution of night monkeys (Aotus nancymai and Aotus vociferans) (Cebidae: Primates) in Northeastern Peru. Am J Primatol 14(4):375–381. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.1350140407

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Aquino R, Terrones W, Navarro R, Terrones C, Cornejo FM (2008) Caza y estado de conservación de primates en la cuenca del río Itaya, Loreto, Perú. Rev Perú Biol 15:33–40

    Google Scholar 

  • Aquino R, López L, Dignum J, Díaz S, Falcón R (2018) Diversidad y abundancia de primates en bosques de baja y alta perturbación humana de Los Chilchos, Amazonas, Perú. Rev Peru Biol 25(4):407–416

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Arroyo-Rodríguez V, Dias PAD (2010) Effects of habitat fragmentation and disturbance on howler monkeys: a review. Am J Primatol 72(1):1–16. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.20753

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Arroyo-Rodríguez V, Mandujano S (2009) Conceptualization and measurement of habitat fragmentation from the Primates’ perspective. Int J Primatol 30(3):497–514. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10764-009-9355-0

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bustamante-Manrique S, Botero-Henao N (2018) Patrón de actividad, área de hogar y dieta de Aotus lemurinus (Primates: Aotidae) en fragmentos de bosque peri-urbanos en Manizales. Universidad de Caldas, Colombia, Colombia

    Google Scholar 

  • Campbell N, Nekaris KAI, Pereira TS, Allgas N, Shanee S (2019) Occupancy modeling for the conservation assessment of the Peruvian Night Monkey (Aotus miconax). Primate Conserv 33:13–20

    Google Scholar 

  • Castaño JH, Cardona DM (2005) Presencia del mono nocturno Andino (Aotus lemurinus I. Geoffroy-St. Hilaire, 1843) en fragmentos de bosque de la cuenca media del Rio Cauca. Boletin Científico - Centro de Museos 9:111–117

    Google Scholar 

  • Castaño JH, Ramírez DC, Botero JE (2010) Ecología del mono nocturno Andino (Aotus lemurinus) en fragmentos de bosque subandinos de Colombia. In: Pereira-Bengoa V, Stevenson PR, Bueno ML, Nassar-Montoya F (eds) Primatología en Colombia: Avances al principio del milenio. Fundación Universitaria San Martín, Bogotá, pp 67–90

    Google Scholar 

  • Castiblanco C, Etter A, Aide TM (2013) Oil palm plantations in Colombia: a model of future expansion. Environ Sci Pol 27:172–183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2013.01.003

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Clerici N, Salazar C, Pardo-Díaz C, Jiggins CD, Richardson JE, Linares M (2019) Peace in Colombia is a critical moment for Neotropical connectivity and conservation: Save the northern Andes–Amazon biodiversity bridge. Conserv Lett 12(1):e12594. https://doi.org/10.1111/conl.12594

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Correa Ayram CA, Etter A, Díaz-Timoté JJ, Buriticá SR, Ramírez W, Corzo G (2020) Spatiotemporal evaluation of the human footprint in Colombia: four decades of anthropic impact in highly biodiverse ecosystems. bioRxiv 2020.2005.2015.098855. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.05.15.098855

  • Crile M, Quiring D (1940) A record of the body weight and certain organ and gland weights of 3690 animals. Ohio J Sci XL 5:219–241

    Google Scholar 

  • Defler TR (2004) Primates of Colombia. Conservation International, Bogota

    Google Scholar 

  • Defler TR (2010) Historia Natural de los Primates de Colombia, 2nd edn. Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Facultad de Ciencias. Departamento de Biología, Bogotá

    Google Scholar 

  • Defler TR, Bueno ML (2007) Aotus diversity and the species problem. Primate Conserv 22:55–70

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Defler TR, Bueno ML, Hernández-Camacho J (2001) Taxonomic status of Aotus hershkovitzi: its relationship to Aotus lemurinus Hershkovitz. Neotrop Primates 9(2):37–52

    Google Scholar 

  • Enders R (1935) Mammalian life histories from Barro Colorado Island, Panama. Bull Mus Comp Zool 78(4):383–502

    Google Scholar 

  • Escajadillo A (1984) Mantenimiento en el laboratorio y algunos usos experimentales del mono nocturno, Aotus. Rev Med Panamá 9:274–287

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fick SE, Hijmans RJ (2017) WorldClim 2: new 1-km spatial resolution climate surfaces for global land areas. Int J Climatol 37(12):4302–4315. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.5086

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • García-Ayachi LA (2015) Diversidad y aspectos poblacionales de los primates en bosques de neblina de la región Huánuco. Universidad Nacional de la Amazonía Peruana, Perú, Perú

    Google Scholar 

  • GFW (2020) Global Forest Watch https://www.globalforestwatch.org/. Accessed on 01 April 2021

  • Glanz WE (1990) Fauna de mamíferos terrestres de la isla de Barro Colorado: censos y cambios a largo plazo. In: Leigh EG, Rand AS, Windsor DM (eds) Ecología de un bosque tropical. Ciclos estacionales y cambios a largo plazo. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa. Tropical Research Institute, Panamá, pp 523–536

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldman EA (1914) Descriptions of five new mammals from Panama, vol 63. Smithsonian Institution

    Google Scholar 

  • Gómez L, Suárez C, Trujillo A, Bravo AM, Rojas V, Hernández N, Vargas MC (2014) Landscape management in Chocó-Darién priority watersheds. WWF-Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia

    Google Scholar 

  • González-Hernández PA (2019) Patrones de comportamiento, hábitos circadianos y alimentación de (Aotus zonalis) en zonas fragmentadas de Coclé, República de Panamá. Universidad de Panamá, Panamá

    Google Scholar 

  • Guzmán A, Link A, Castillo JA, Botero JE (2016) Agroecosystems and primate conservation: shade coffee as potential habitat for the conservation of Andean night monkeys in the northern Andes. Agric Ecosyst Environ 215:57–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2015.09.002

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hall R (1981) Cricetid rodents. In: Hall ER (ed) The mammals of North America, 2nd edn. Wiley, New York, pp 667–721

    Google Scholar 

  • Hansen MC, Potapov PV, Moore R, Hancher M, Turubanova SA, Tyukavina A, Thau D, Stehman SV, Goetz SJ, Loveland TR, Kommareddy A, Egorov A, Chini L, Justice CO, Townshend JRG (2013) High-resolution global maps of 21st-century forest cover change. Science 342(6160):850–853. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1244693

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hladik CM, Hladik A, Bousset J, Valdebouze P, Viroben G, Delort-Laval J (1971) Le régime alimentaire des Primates de l’île de Barro-Colorado (Panama). Folia Primatol 16(1–2):85–122

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Huck M, Fernandez-Duque E (2023, this volume) The great unknown – the floating stage as a neglected aspect of social systems. In: Fernandez-Duque E (ed) Owl Monkeys. Biology, Adaptive Radiation, and Behavioral Ecology of the Only Nocturnal Primate in the Americas. Springer, Cham

    Google Scholar 

  • Hurtado CM, Serrano-Villavicencio J, Pacheco V (2016) Densidad poblacional y conservación de los primates de la Reserva de Biosfera del Noroeste, Tumbes, Perú. Rev Peru Biol 23(2):151–158

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • IDEAM (2017). Mapas continentales, costeros y marinos de Colombia (MEC), escala 1:100.000. Instituto de Hidrología, Meteorología y Estudios Ambientales, Bogotá, D. C

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones TR, Obaldía N, Gramzinski RA, Charoenvit Y, Kolodny N, Kitov S, Davis HL, Krieg AM, Hoffman SL (1999) Synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides containing CpG motifs enhance immunogenicity of a peptide malaria vaccine in Aotus monkeys. Vaccine 17(23):3065–3071. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0264-410X(99)00145-0

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jones TR, Obaldía N, Gramzinski RA, Hoffman SL (2000) Repeated infection of Aotus monkeys with Plasmodium falciparum induces protection against subsequent challenge with homologous and heterologous strains of parasite. Am J Trop Med Hygiene 62(6):675–680. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.2000.62.675

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jones TR, Stroncek DF, Gozalo AS, Obaldia N, Andersen EM, Lucas C, Narum DL, Magill AJ, Sim BKL, Hoffman SL (2002) Anemia in parasite- and recombinant protein-immunized aotus monkeys infected with Plasmodium falciparum. Am J Trop Med Hygiene 66(6):672–679. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.2002.66.672

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Le Maho Y, Goffart M, Rochas A, Felbabel H, Chatonnet J (1981) Thermoregulation in the only nocturnal simian: the night monkey Aotus trivirgatus. Am J Phys Regul Integr Comp Phys 240(3):R156–R165. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.1981.240.3.R156

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Link A, de Luna AG, Alfonso F, Giraldo-Beltran P, Ramírez F (2010) Initial effects of fragmentation on the density of three neotropical primate species in two lowland forests of Colombia. Endanger Species Res 13(1):41–50

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lizarralde M (2002) Ethnoecology of monkeys among the Barí of Venezuela: perception, use and conservation. In: Fuentes A, Wolfe LD (eds) Primates face to face: the conservation implications of human-nonhuman primate interconnections. Cambridge studies in biological and evolutionary anthropology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 85–100. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511542404.009

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Ma NSF, Rossan RN, Kelley ST, Harper JS, Bedard MT, Jones TC (1978) Banding patterns of the chromosomes of two new Karyotypes of the Owl Monkey, Aotus, captured in Panama. J Med Primatol 7:146–155. https://doi.org/10.1159/000459804

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maldonado AM (2012) Hunting by Tikunas in the Southern Colombian Amazon. Assessing the impact of subsistence hunting by Tikunas on game species in Amacayacu National Park, Colombian Amazon. LAP Lambert Academic Publishing GmbH & Co. KG, Saarbrücken

    Google Scholar 

  • Maldonado AM, Waters S (2017) Primate trade (Neotropics). In: Fuentes A (ed) International Encyclopedia of primatology. Wiley-Blackwell, West Sussex

    Google Scholar 

  • Mena VP, Stallings JR, Regalado JB, Cueva RL (2000) The sustainability of current hunting practices by the Huaorani. In: Robinson JG, Bennett EL (eds) Hunting for sustainability in tropical forests. Columbia University Press, New York, pp 57–78

    Google Scholar 

  • Méndez-Carvajal PG (2012) Estudio de diversidad de mamíferos en cuatro hábitats de transición asociados a una plantación de teca (Tectona grandis) dentro de la Cuenca del Canal de Panamá, Las Pavas, Chorrera, Panamá. Tecnociencia 14(2):55–83

    Google Scholar 

  • Méndez-Carvajal PG (2014) The Orion Camera System, a new method for deploying camera traps in tree canopy to study arboreal primates and others mammals: a case study in Panama. Mesoamericana 18(1):9–23

    Google Scholar 

  • Méndez-Carvajal PG (2019) A long term monitoring study to evaluate the primate conservation status in Panama using species distribution modelling and complementary information. PhD Thesis. Durham University, Durham, UK

    Google Scholar 

  • Méndez-Carvajal PG, Link A (2021) Aotus zonalis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2021:e.T39953A17922442. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.20211.RLTS.T39953A17922442.en. Accessed 05 April 2021

  • Méndez-Carvajal PG, Ruiz-Bernard I, González Y, Sánchez K, Franco V, Silva S, De León G (2013) Strategies for the conservation of two critically endangered, endemic Primates in Panama. Primate Conserv 2013(27):13–21. https://doi.org/10.1896/052.027.0110

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Méndez-Carvajal PG, de Huertas IG, Gutiérrez-Pineda KM, Moreno RS, Peñafiel MA, Girón-Rengifo AS et al (2020) Potencial regenerativo de bosques de galería en base a diversidad y abundancia de mamíferos en la Reserva Forestal El Montuoso y afluentes del río La Villa, Herrera, Panamá. Mesoamericana 24(1):58–76

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible (2020) Estrategia Nacional para la prevención y control al Tráfico Ilegal de Especies Silvestres: Diagnóstico y Plan de Acción ajustado; Colombia. Ministerio de Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible, 2020

    Google Scholar 

  • Moynihan MH (1964) Some behavior patterns of platyrrhine monkeys: I. The night monkey (Aotus trivirgatus). Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections

    Google Scholar 

  • Myers N, Mittermeier RA, Mittermeier CG, da Fonseca GAB, Kent J (2000) Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature 403(6772):853–858

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Negret PJ, Allan J, Braczkowski A, Maron M, Watson JEM (2017) Need for conservation planning in postconflict Colombia. Conserv Biol 31(3):499–500. https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.12935

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Obaldía N (2007) Clinico-pathological observations on the pathogenesis of severe thrombocytopenia and Anemia induced by Plasmodium vivax infections during antimalarial drug efficacy trials in Aotus Monkeys. Am J Trop Med Hygiene 77(1):3–13. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.2007.77.3

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Obaldía N, Kotecka BM, Edstein MD, Haynes RK, Fugmann B, Kyle DE, Rieckmann KH (2009a) Evaluation of Artemisone combinations in Aotus; Monkeys infected with; Plasmodium falciparum. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 53(8):3592. https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.00471-09

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Obaldía N, Milhous W, Kyle D (2009b) Adaptation of a Thai multidrug-resistant C2A Clone of plasmodium falciparum to Aotus Monkeys and its preliminary in vivo antimalarial drug efficacy-resistance profile. Am J Trop Med Hygiene 81(4):587–594. https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.2009.08-0445

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Obaldía N, Stockelman MG, Otero W, Cockrill JA, Ganeshan H, Abot EN, Zhang J, Limbach K, Charoenvit Y, Doolan DL, Tang D-CC, Richie TL (2017) A Plasmodium vivax plasmid DNA- and adenovirus-vectored malaria vaccine encoding blood-stage antigens AMA1 and MSP142 in a prime/boost heterologous immunization regimen partially protects Aotus Monkeys against blood-stage challenge. Clin Vaccine Immunol 24(4):e00539–e00516. https://doi.org/10.1128/CVI.00539-16

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Obaldía N, Milhous WK, Kyle DE (2018) Reversal of Chloroquine resistance of Plasmodium vivax in Aotus Monkeys. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 62(9):e00582–e00518. https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.00582-18

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ocampo-Peñuela N, Garcia-Ulloa J, Ghazoul J, Etter A (2018) Quantifying impacts of oil palm expansion on Colombia's threatened biodiversity. Biol Conserv 224:117–121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2018.05.024

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Parathian HE, Maldonado AM (2010) Human–nonhuman primate interactions amongst Tikuna people: perceptions and local initiatives for resource management in Amacayacu in the Colombian Amazon. Am J Primatol 72(10):855–865. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.20816

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Peck M, Thorn J, Mariscal A, Baird A, Tirira D, Kniveton D (2011) Focusing conservation efforts for the Critically Endangered brown-headed spider monkey (Ateles fusciceps) using remote sensing, modeling, and playback survey methods. Int J Primatol 32(1):134–148. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10764-010-9445-z

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Peres CA (1999) General guidelines for standardizing line-transect surveys of tropical forest primates. Neotrop Primates 7(1):11–16

    Google Scholar 

  • Ramirez, N (2003). Acta Biol Venez 23(2-3):47–75

    Google Scholar 

  • Rincón Ruiz A, Pascual U, Romero M (2013) An exploratory spatial analysis of illegal coca cultivation in Colombia using local indicators of spatial association and socioecological variables. Ecol Indic 34:103–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2013.04.008

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rylands AB, Mittermeier RA (2009) The diversity of the new world primates (Platyrrhini): an annotated taxonomy. In: Garber PA, Estrada A, Bicca-Marques JC, Heymann EW, Strier KB (eds) South American Primates: comparative perspectives in the study of behavior, ecology and conservation. Springer, New York, pp 23–54

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Rylands AB, Groves CP, Mittermeier RA, Cortés-Ortiz L, Hines JJ (2006) Taxonomy and distributions of Mesoamerican Primates. In: Estrada A, Garber PA, Pavelka MSM, Luecke L (eds) New perspectives in the study of Mesoamerican Primates: distribution, ecology, behavior, and conservation. Springer US, Boston, MA, pp 29–79. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-25872-8_3

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Sánchez-Larranega J, Shanee S (2012) Parásitos gastrointestinales en el mono choro cola amarilla (Oreonax flavicauda) y el mono nocturno Andino (Aotus miconax) en Amazonas, Perú. Neotrop Primates 19(1):38–41

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Servicio Geológico Colombiano (2012) Áreas con potencial mineral para definir áreas de reserva estratégica del Estado. 47 pp. Bogotá D.C

    Google Scholar 

  • Shanee N (2012) Trends in local wildlife hunting, trade and control in the Tropical Andes Hotspot. Northeastern Peru Endang Species Res 19(2):177–186

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shanee S (2023, this volume) Threats and conservation of owl monkeys (Aotus spp.) in the Andes. In: Fernandez-Duque E (ed) Owl Monkeys. Biology, Adaptive Radiation, and Behavioral Ecology of the Only Nocturnal Primate in the Americas. Springer, Cham

    Google Scholar 

  • Shanee S, Shanee N (2011) Observations of terrestrial behavior in the Peruvian night monkey (Aotus miconax) in an anthropogenic landscape, La Esperanza, Peru. Neotrop Primates 18(2):55–58

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shanee S, Allgas N, Shanee N (2013) Preliminary observations on the behavior and ecology of the Peruvian night monkey (Aotus miconax: Primates) in a remnant cloud forest patch, north eastern Peru. Trop Conserv Sci 6(1):138–148

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shanee S, Allgas N, Shanee N, Campbell N (2015) Distribution, ecological niche modelling and conservation assessment of the Peruvian Night Monkey (Mammalia: Primates: Aotidae: Aotus miconax Thomas, 1927) in northeastern Peru, with notes on the distributions of Aotus spp. J Threat Taxa 7(3):6947–6964

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shanee S, Tirira D, Aquino R, Carretero-Pinzon X, Link A, Mendez P, Urbani B, Fernandez-Duque E (2023a, this volume) Geographic distribution of owl monkeys. In: Fernandez-Duque E (ed)Owl Monkeys. Biology, Adaptive Radiation, and Behavioral Ecology of the Only Nocturnal Primate in the Americas. Cham: Springer

    Google Scholar 

  • Shanee S, Mendoza PA, Maldonado AM, Fernández-Hidalgo L, Svensson MS (2023b, this volume) Traffic and trade in owl monkeys. In: Fernandez-Duque E (ed) Owl Monkeys. Biology, Adaptive Radiation, and Behavioral Ecology of the Only Nocturnal Primate in the Americas. Springer, Cham

    Google Scholar 

  • Svensson MS, Samudio R, Bearder SK, Nekaris KA (2010) Density estimates of Panamanian owl monkeys (Aotus zonalis) in three habitat types. Am J Primatol 72(2):187–192

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Svensson MS, Shanee S, Shanee N, Bannister FB, Cervera L, Donati G, Huck M, Jerusalinsky L, Juárez CP, Maldonado AM, Martinez Mollinedo J, Méndez-Carvajal PG, Molina Argandoña MA, Mollo Vino AD, Nekaris KA, Peck MR, Rey-Goyeneche J, Spaan D, Nijman V (2016) Disappearing in the night: an overview on trade and legislation of Night Monkeys in South and Central America. Folia Primatol 87(5):332–348. https://doi.org/10.1159/000454803

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thorington RW Jr, Muckenhirn NA, Montgomery GG (1976) Movements of a wild night monkey (Aotus trivirgatus). In: Neotropical primates: field studies and conservation. Proceedings of a symposium on the distribution and abundance of Neotropical primates, pp 32–34

    Google Scholar 

  • Tirira D (2004) Present status of the brown-headed spider monkey (Ateles fusciceps Gray, 1866) (Primates: Atelidae) in Ecuador. Lyonia 6(2):17–24

    Google Scholar 

  • Tirira D (2007) Mamíferos del Ecuador, vol 1. Murciélago Blanco, Quito, Ecuador

    Google Scholar 

  • Torres OM, Enciso S, Ruiz F, Silva E, Yunis I (1998) Chromosome diversity of the genus Aotus from Colombia. Am J Primatol 44(4):255–275

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • van der Heide G, Fernández-Duque E, Iriart D, Juárez CP (2012) Do Forest composition and fruit availability predict demographic differences among groups of territorial Owl Monkeys (Aotus azarai)? Int J Primatol 33(1):184–207. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10764-011-9560-5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Villavicencio Galindo JM (2003) Distribución geográfica de los primates del género Aotus en el Departamento de Norte de Santander, Colombia. In: Pereira-Bengoa V, Nassar-Montoya F, Savage A (eds) Primatología del Nuevo Mundo: Biología, Medicina, Manejo y Conservación. Centro de Primatología Araguatos, Bogota, Colombia, pp 264–271

    Google Scholar 

  • Wright PC (1981) The night Monkeys, Genus Aotus. In: Coimbra-Filho A, Mittermeier RA (eds) Ecology and behavior of Neotropical Primates, vol 1. Academia Brasileira de Ciencias, Rio de Janeiro, pp 211–240

    Google Scholar 

  • Zapata-Ríos G, Urgilés C, Suárez E (2009) Mammal hunting by the Shuar of the Ecuadorian Amazon: is it sustainable? Oryx 43(3):375–385. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605309001914

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

We are grateful to the editor, M. Svensson and for comments on a previous version of this manuscript and to Joy Roberts-Chapple for reading of the revised manuscript. We thank the Panamanian Environmental Ministry for extending scientific permission for this research as part of a long-term project from Fundación Pro-Conservación de los Primates Panameños (FCPP) A-70-14-16. We also thank Ricardo Moreno, Marlene Aguirre, Yoaris Aparicio, Karol Gutiérrez-Pineda, Brenda R. Sánchez, Cristie Rodríguez, Cristeily Ibarra, Karla Reyes and Angélica Ortiz, Professor Iris Gómez de Huertas from FCPP and Universidad de Panamá, Catalina Orrego-Lopez, Nestor Allgas, Sebastián Bustamante, Proyecto Washu, Raul Nieto, Laura Cervera, Alex Mopán, Sebastián Montilla, Blas Cárdenas and Nick Davis for help in data collection and project organization in Colombia and Ecuador, and the residents of the communities for their kindness in providing information. Fieldwork in Panama was undertaken, thanks to an International Primatological Society conservation grant (2018), Mohamed bin Zayed Species Conservation Fund (Grant No152511388), and a Rufford Foundation Second Booster Grant (18309-B). Fieldwork in Colombia was supported by the Neotropical Primate Conservation Colombia (NPCC) and grants from the Margot Marsh Biodiversity Foundation, Community Conservation, the People’s Trust for Endangered Species, and Chester Zoo. Fieldwork in Ecuador was funded by the Neotropical Primate Conservation through Primate Conservation, Inc. (Grant No1262).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Fundación Pro-Conservación de los Primates Panameños (FCPP), Proyecto de Conservación Aotus (PCA), Panama City, Panama

    Pedro G. Méndez-Carvajal & Pedro A. González-Hernández

  2. Departamento de Fisiología y Comportamiento Animal, Grupo de Investigación de Primatología, Universidad de Panamá, Campus Dr. Octavio Méndez-Pereira, Panama City, Panama

    Pedro G. Méndez-Carvajal

  3. Anthropology Department, Durham University, Dawson Building, South Road, Durham, UK

    Pedro G. Méndez-Carvajal

  4. Universidad de Panamá, Escuela de Biología, Centro Regional Universitario de Coclé, Panama City, Panama

    Pedro A. González-Hernández

  5. Asociación Neotropical Primate Conservation Colombia, Bogota, Colombia

    Alma Hernández-Jaramillo

  6. Instituto de Ecología (INECOL), Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico

    Alma Hernández-Jaramillo

  7. Neotropical Primate Conservation, Looe Hill, Seaton, Cornwall, UK

    Sam Shanee

  8. Nocturnal Primate Research Group, Department of Social Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK

    Sam Shanee

Authors
  1. Pedro G. Méndez-Carvajal
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Pedro A. González-Hernández
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Alma Hernández-Jaramillo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Sam Shanee
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Pedro G. Méndez-Carvajal .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Anthropologyand School of the Environment, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA

    Eduardo Fernandez-Duque

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2023 Eduardo Fernandez-Duque

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Méndez-Carvajal, P.G., González-Hernández, P.A., Hernández-Jaramillo, A., Shanee, S. (2023). Field Surveys and Conservation Status of the Panamanian Owl Monkey (Aotus zonalis). In: Fernandez-Duque, E. (eds) Owl Monkeys. Developments in Primatology: Progress and Prospects. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-13555-2_20

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation