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Road Transport System

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Resilience, Robustness, and Vulnerability of Transport Systems

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Abstract

Road transport system consists of the supply and demand component. The supply component embraces: infrastructure including roads and highways with the specific constructions such as bridges and tunnels, car parking areas, bus stops, and bus stations/terminals; traffic and transport supporting facilities and equipment; road vehicles—passenger cars, vans, and buses; fuel/energy powering the vehicles and supporting facilities and equipment; and directly and indirectly operating staff (e.g., the former embraces the road/highway maintenance staff, taxi and bus drivers, and the vehicle maintenance staff; the latter embraces traffic police and administration). The road transport system serving user/passenger demand is generally characterized by infrastructural, technical/technological, operational, economic, environmental, and social performances. These are frequently exposed to different external and internal disruptive events, which affect their planned/regular functionality. This chapter elaborates these performances, characteristic external and internal disruptive events impacting these performances, and the analytical models of reliability, resilience, robustness, and vulnerability based on the corresponding models of indicators of functionality of particular performances as FOMs (figures-of-merit). Two illustrative cases of application of the proposed models to the passenger car and taxi traffic flows in urban area impacted by the severe weather—heavy rain and to the urban public bus transport network impacted by the epidemic/pandemic disease are presented.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    An AV (Automated or Autonomous Vehicle) or AC (Automated Car) is the one that takes full control of all aspects of the dynamic driving task at least for some time (TRB 2017a, b).

  2. 2.

    Reference location is the location along a given road and/or highway selected for counting the passing-by vehicles.

  3. 3.

    High frequency bus services relate to five or more bus departures per an hour. Low frequency bus services relate to less than five bus departures per hour (TfL 2014a, b).

  4. 4.

    This can be maximal, operational, and block speed. The maximal speed is conditioned by the bus technical characteristics or by the speed limits imposed by regulators/authorities. The operational speed is the speed maintained under given traffic and other conditions (e.g., weather) along a given line/route. Block speed is the average speed between the end stations/terminals respecting the time losses due to eventual intermediate stops. These all can be considered for a given line/route, set of lines/routes, and/or for the entire bus operator’s network (Janić 2019).

  5. 5.

    The other GHG (air pollutants) are generally NOx (nitrogen oxide), VOCs (Volatile Organic Compounds), CO (carbon monoxide), and water vapour (Puchalsky 2005).

  6. 6.

    dBA scale is nonlinear; perception of noise: 10 dBA implies that the noise level is halved; 20 dBA implies that the noise level is quartered (Janić 2019).

  7. 7.

    The moment magnitude scale (Mw) is a measure of an earthquake's magnitude (“size” or strength) based on its seismic moment representing the energy released (Anbazhagan et al. 2012; Mallett et al. 2016).

  8. 8.

    The MMI (Modified Mercalli Intensity) scale describes the impact of an earthquake on the surrounding objects and population (Wood and Neumann 1931).

  9. 9.

    Some other causes of non-recurring road and highway traffic congestion and delays have been the unexpected or non-typical events such as: traffic incidents/accidents, vehicle failures, and road maintenance (Ferri 2014; Jaime et al. 2005).

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  1. University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia

    Milan Janić

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Janić, M. (2022). Road Transport System. In: Resilience, Robustness, and Vulnerability of Transport Systems. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-13040-3_2

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-13040-3_2

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