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Treasure Trove in Early Victorian Ireland and Scotland

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A Modern Legal History of Treasure

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Abstract

In Chapter 3, we consider how the law of treasure trove was understood and how it operated in Ireland and in Scotland at the opening of the Victorian era, again in the context of the development of the railway and other causes of land excavation. While Ireland was at that time a market state for discovered antiquities, the historical evidence shows that treasure trove practice in the Exchequer Office in Scotland was more advanced than in other parts of the UK in terms of allocating treasure trove to cultural institutions.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    See Levine (1986), chapter 1. Correspondence was facilitated by the uniform penny post introduced following the Postage Act 1839. Victorian antiquarian correspondence provides valuable information for present-day archaeologists: see e.g. Briggs and Campbell (1976), 20.

  2. 2.

    Ní Chathaín and Fitzpatrick (2012); Mack (1997).

  3. 3.

    (London, John Murray).

  4. 4.

    Croker (1854). See also Levine (1986), 13.

  5. 5.

    Croker (1854), 132.

  6. 6.

    Scott’s antiquarianism is considered in Piggott (1976), chapter 7, entitled ‘The Ancestors of Jonathan Oldbuck’. Oldbuck was the principal character in Scott’s novel, The Antiquary (1816). See also Brown (ed.) (2003), passim; Hill (2021), 32–3, 269–72.

  7. 7.

    Croker (1854), 141–3. The object is described as a ‘double conical bead’ in Wood-Martin (1895), 505–6. See also Armstrong (1920), 39; Eogan (1981); Cahill (2006), 288–9.

  8. 8.

    For Scott’s collection of antiquities at Abbotsford, see MacGregor (1998), 126–7.

  9. 9.

    MacCullagh became secretary of the RIA in 1842: McDowell (1985), 33, 38. See also O Raifeartaigh (ed.), (1985).

  10. 10.

    McDowell (1985), 38; Mitchell (1985), 109; O’Toole (2013), no. 44. The Cross of Cong is now in the National Museum of Ireland.

  11. 11.

    ‘Proceedings’, PRIA, 2 (1840–44), 184 (13 December 1841). See also Cork Examiner, 29 November 1843. This may be one of the finds mentioned in Carruthers (1854), 187. Another account stated that the sum was £1: Gentleman’s Magazine, 1831, I, 546. See also O’Laverty (1887), 297, and Robertson (2000), §311.

  12. 12.

    ‘Proceedings’, PRIA 2 (1840–44), 186.

  13. 13.

    See Chap. 2.

  14. 14.

    McDowell (1964), chapter 2.

  15. 15.

    McDowell (1964), chapter 3.

  16. 16.

    As noted in Chap. 1, surrender of casual hereditary revenues began in England, Wales, and Scotland in 1760.

  17. 17.

    See pp. 11–2.

  18. 18.

    Osborough (2013), 34.

  19. 19.

    Osborough (1999), 262.

  20. 20.

    Dutton (1721). See PRONI, D623/A/29/45, letter dated 24 February 1749 from land agent to earl of Abercorn, referring to a find (‘old silver and gold pieces’) on the Baronscourt estate: ‘my law book [unspecified] calls this treasure trove.’ It is not known if the earl asserted a claim.

  21. 21.

    Otway-Ruthven (1980), 179; Houston (2014), 16.

  22. 22.

    Clark (2010), 40–1; Garnham (1996), 97–8; Farrell (2000), chapter 1; Leckey and Greer (1998), chapter 1.

  23. 23.

    An Act confirming all the statutes made in England, 1495. See Donaldson (1952); Osborough (1999), 86–7.

  24. 24.

    Dutton (1721), 107. By the early nineteenth century, sheriffs in Ireland exercised only ministerial functions in the administration of justice (execution of writs, assembling juries): Dutton (1721), 625; Pole (2013).

  25. 25.

    McDowell (1964), chapter 4; Osborough (1999), chapter 10.

  26. 26.

    Cullen and Smout (eds) (1977); Devine and Dickson (1983); Griffiths (1987), 1–9.

  27. 27.

    Prynne (2015), chapters 12–14; Mitchell (1985), 123. The RIA council directed the secretary to communicate with directors of railway companies requesting co-operation in the preservation of antiquities discovered during railway construction: RIA Council Minutes vol. VII (1845–49), 93–4; RIA, Committee of Polite Literature and Antiquities Minute Book, (1785–1850), 203 (Dublin and Drogheda railway): ‘undertaking that liberal remuneration will be given for such as may be brought to the Academy.’

  28. 28.

    Dublin Penny Journal, 22 June 1833, vol. 1, no. 52, 413–4: ‘Ancient Irish Bracelets of Gold’, by George Petrie.

  29. 29.

    Simpson (1860–62a), 37; Wilde (1861–4).

  30. 30.

    Waddell (2005), 124; Mitchell (1985), 104–5. As to the extent of the works generated in Ireland by these bodies, see Griffiths (1987), and Delany (2008). See also RIA Council Minutes, vol. VII (1845–49), 93; vol. VIII (1850–1), 231, 233, 236.

  31. 31.

    Tuomey (1849–51), 201; see also ‘Proceedings’, Transactions of the Kilkenny Archaeological Society 2 (1853): 364.

  32. 32.

    See e.g. Armagh Guardian, 23 November 1847, find of ancient Irish silver coins.

  33. 33.

    Enniskillen Chronicle and Erne Packet, 11 October 1838, reprinted in NC 1 (1838–39): 205.

  34. 34.

    See generally Lee (ed.) (2000). The Journal was published weekly during 1832–36.

  35. 35.

    Dublin Penny Journal, 12 March 1836, vol. 4, no. 193, 295, letter dated 12 November 1835 from John Royan jr., with an address of ‘Hilltown constabulary’, many miles away in Co. Down.

  36. 36.

    The noted Derbyshire antiquarian collector and barrow-digger, Thomas Bateman, suggested otherwise in the catalogue to his private museum at Lomberdale Hall: Bateman (1855), 9, see comment at entry no. 69 (Irish gold object). It is suggested that this was based on his experience of English practice and is not borne out by the evidence relating to Ireland. See e.g. The Nation, 3 January 1857.

  37. 37.

    Cork Examiner, Wednesday 5 March 1851, an appeal from an Assistant Barrister at Quarter Sessions.

  38. 38.

    Both Jackson and Ball JJ were judges in Common Pleas. See Ball (1927), ii, 285, 295, 351–2, 355. Jackson J was clearly aware of a distinction drawn in the law of non-treasure finds between objects found on and in land, the former being subject to ‘finding’s kee**’.

  39. 39.

    Wylie (1997), paras 1.30–1.34, 2.33; Irish Law Reform Commission (2004), Consultation Paper on Reform and Modernisation of Land Law and Conveyancing (Dublin), LRC CP-34-2004, paras. 1.06–1.08.

  40. 40.

    See generally Delacherois v. Delacherois (1864) HLC 62; TNA, T221/95 Memorandum on treasure trove in Ireland dated 6 May 1903, by Hubert Hall, Assistant Keeper, Public Record Office, London.

  41. 41.

    More controversially, grantees were often permitted to create manors by way of sub-grant despite Quia Emptores 1290 which prohibited subinfeudation. See Lyall (2000a), 275–94.

  42. 42.

    Attorney General v. Trustees of the British Museum [1903] 2 Ch 598: see Chap. 5. It was held that a right to treasure trove had not been expressly granted to the Irish Society.

  43. 43.

    Cahill (1985); her paper is based on letters between Bishop Thomas Percy and Rev. Osborne Shiel, now in NMI.

  44. 44.

    Report of the Select Committee on Manor Courts, Ireland, PP 1837 (494) xv 1, appendix, manor of Dromore, 373–4.

  45. 45.

    An Englishman, Percy had been chaplain to George III and dean of Carlisle Cathedral before becoming bishop of Dromore in 1782. His library, considered the finest private library in Ireland in the eighteenth century, is now in Queen’s University, Belfast. Author of The Reliques of Ancient English Poetry (1765), Percy’s antiquarian instincts cannot be doubted.

  46. 46.

    See p. 62.

  47. 47.

    Cahill (1985), 118.

  48. 48.

    Cahill (1985), 118, letter from Bishop Percy to Osborne Shiel, dated 27 December 1794.

  49. 49.

    Cahill (1989).

  50. 50.

    Delacherois, 82–3. The House of Lords sought the opinion of the common law judges. See also dicta of Lord St Leonards, 99. Manor courts were abolished in Ireland in 1859: Manor Courts Abolition (Ireland) Act 1859. See McMahon (2001).

  51. 51.

    Report of the Select Committee on Manor Courts, Ireland, PP 1837–38 (648) xvii 1, 49 (q. 675).

  52. 52.

    Report of the Select Committee on Manor Courts, Ireland, PP 1837 (494) xv 1, 282 (q. 5207). See also qs 5213–21.

  53. 53.

    See pp. 193, 200.

  54. 54.

    See e.g. Cahill (2006), 253n.

  55. 55.

    See O’Laverty (1887), appendix, vi–vii, for a landowner claim: he rewarded one of the finders. See also ‘Proceedings’, Journal of Kilkenny and South-East Archaeological Society (new series) 2 (1859): 352.

  56. 56.

    See e.g. Windele (1861–62), 28; Gogan (1934), 10; Herity (1969a), 31.

  57. 57.

    Quoted in Cahill (2006), 255, 326.

  58. 58.

    See pp. 56–7.

  59. 59.

    Croker (1824), 253, suggesting that the discovery was made in 1805, but newspaper coverage indicates that the find was made in 1806: the report in a Dublin newspaper, Saunders’s News-Letter, 30 June 1806, was followed by numerous reports in provincial papers in Britain and Ireland in August 1806 (including Westminster Journal and Old British Spy, 9 August 1806, Gloucester Journal and Caledonian Mercury, 11 August 1806, Staffordshire Advertiser, 16 August 1806, and so on.) See also Cahill (2006), 255, 270–2; Dowd (2015), 137–40.

  60. 60.

    Wakeman (1848), 147, 161.

  61. 61.

    Conyngham (1844).

  62. 62.

    Croker (1854), 7–8; Cahill (2006), 227.

  63. 63.

    Doherty (2004), chapter 3; Waddell (2005), 97–103, 113–16.

  64. 64.

    The original manuscripts are in the RIA library. Edited texts have been published: Day and McWilliams (eds) (1990–98).

  65. 65.

    Doherty underscores their significance in providing evidence of spoliation in Ireland before the Famine: sub nom. Smith (1999). See also Doherty (2004), chapters 1 and 4.

  66. 66.

    See e.g. Day and McWilliams (eds) (1990–98), vol. 24, 119; vol. 13, 84. Most volumes in the series contain examples of destruction of antiquities.

  67. 67.

    Wilde (1862), 4. As regards Wilde’s contribution, see Waddell (2005), 131–6. The fate of coin finds in all parts of the British Isles was commonly reported in the Numismatic Chronicle from its inception in the 1830s.

  68. 68.

    McDowell (1985), 41–2; Nesbitt (1979), 11.

  69. 69.

    Dolley (1972b), 166; Crooke (2000), 82–90; Walsh (2012); Waddell (2005), 103–13; Murray (2004).

  70. 70.

    See McDowell (1985), 38; Waddell (2005), 96–7; Mitchell (1983), 111. Dawson’s collection included part of the Dowris hoard of bronze objects found by labourers during the 1820s. Some of the objects were acquired by the British Museum.

  71. 71.

    Waddell (2005), 118, and chapter 5. For Redmond Anthony, see also Cahill (1994); Mitchell (1985), 107; Murray (2004), 87.

  72. 72.

    Cahill (1994), 53–4.

  73. 73.

    The Enniscorthy brooch was found following the collapse of the tower of the former Franciscan friary: it may not have satisfied the hiding requirement. It is a ‘composite’ object, gold set with rubies emeralds, but the gold content was probably enough to satisfy the precious metal requirement: see p ; Cherry (1988), 152–3; Tóibín (1998), 68–9; Bennett (2018), 25–9. See p. 268.

  74. 74.

    See e.g. Ó Floinn (1983).

  75. 75.

    Conyngham (1844). Born Albert Denison Conyngham, he was made Baron Londesborough in 1850. ‘Londesborough’ is used in the text. See also Stevenson (1981b), 153, citing John Bell, a noted Scots collector of Irish antiquities.

  76. 76.

    Sheehan (2013), 44.

  77. 77.

    See generally Ní Chathaín and Fitzpatrick (eds) (2012); Waddell (2005), chapter 4, and O’Halloran (2004).

  78. 78.

    Simon (1749); Lindsay (1839); Thompson (1956); Brown and Dolley (1971); Robertson (2000); Bland and Loriot (2010).

  79. 79.

    E.g. Official Catalogue of the Great Industrial Exhibition (Dublin: 1853); Wilde (1862). See generally, Ireland (2012).

  80. 80.

    An early example is by the bishop of Meath: Pococke (1773).

  81. 81.

    Many periodical antiquarian publications at this time reported finds which appeared to satisfy the definition of treasure trove but were not treated as such. Reporting to other antiquaries was, however, seen as an imperative: see e.g. ‘Anon’ (1851), where it was reported that some silver coins of Henry VIII, discovered during the making of a new road in Kerry, had been forwarded for exhibition at a meeting of the Kilkenny Archaeological Society. (Most of the coins were taken by the labourers.) See also in the same volume of the society’s Transactions, Windele (1851).

  82. 82.

    See e.g. Dublin Penny Journal, 8 August 1835, vol. 4, no. 162, 45–6, where it was reported that some gold brooches, discovered ‘along with 20 ounces of ornamented gold’ in Co. Louth, were in the possession of a Dublin dealer (Underwood) who had an ‘already interesting collection’ that he was willing to exhibit to ‘those who take an interest in their country’s antiquities’. See also Briggs (1978, 1979); Waddell (2005), 118, 123–4, and 171; Cahill et al. (2004).

  83. 83.

    E.g. Bateman (1855). A number of entries relate to Irish antiquities.

  84. 84.

    Cahill (2006) examines notebooks and correspondence of the leading Cork collector, and Cahill et al. (2004) consider an album compiled by the daughter of a noted Belfast collector.

  85. 85.

    Eogan (1983).

  86. 86.

    Herity (1969b), (covering the period 1720–70); Ireland (2012). See also Cahill (2006), and the numerous references there.

  87. 87.

    Cahill (2006), 303. Of the twenty-five objects or groups of objects examined in her paper, the law of treasure trove was raised in only two cases, in 1896 and 1907.

  88. 88.

    Powell (1973–4), 3.

  89. 89.

    Ireland (2002).

  90. 90.

    See generally Cooney (1996).

  91. 91.

    Dublin Penny Journal, 1, 10 November 1832: 156–7; Wakeman (1848), 277–8: objects found on the Hill of Tara were ‘hawked about the streets of Navan’; Mitchell (1985), 109.

  92. 92.

    Wakeman (1848), 149–50. See also Adelman (2009), chapter 4.

  93. 93.

    McDowell (1985), 30–42; Mitchell (1985), 106–16; Waddell (2005), chapter 5, passim. See e.g. RIA Committee of Polite Literature and Antiquities Minute Book (1850–59), 3: subscription opened for gold torc.

  94. 94.

    Clare Journal and Ennis Advertiser, 10 March 1854; Limerick and Clare Examiner, 22 March 1854; Tralee Chronicle, 24 March 1854; Cork Examiner, 3 April 1854 and 27 September 1854.

  95. 95.

    Cork Examiner, 3 April 1854.

  96. 96.

    See Armstrong (1920), 14–24, a revised version of Armstrong (1917). See also Windele, (1861–62–62), 42–3; Wright (1900), 13–4. For more recent analysis, see Eogan (1983); Condit (1996), and Cahill (1998), discussing the rediscovery of the one Mooghaun bracelet in private ownership. See also O’Toole (2013), no. 11 (Mooghaun Hoard c. 800 BC)

  97. 97.

    See McAlister (1998); Robertson (2000), §1621; Marzinzik (2013); Ghey (2015), 78–80.

  98. 98.

    Crawford (2014–15), 48; Bateson (1973) and (1976a).

  99. 99.

    Carruthers (1854) and editor’s footnotes. See also Mattingly and Pearce (1937). For examination of Carruthers’ antiquarian activities, see Cahill et al. (2004).

  100. 100.

    The chessmen were made c. 1150–1200 AD, from walrus tusks and whale teeth. For early accounts, see Madden (1832); Thomas (1860–2–62); Wilson (1863), 341–61.

  101. 101.

    ‘Madden, Sir Frederic (1801–1873), paleographer and librarian’ by M. Borrie in Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, online edition.

  102. 102.

    Wilson (2002), 105. Wilson was director of the British Museum, 1977–92.

  103. 103.

    Stratford (1997); Robinson (2004).

  104. 104.

    The Scotsman, 21 October 1837.

  105. 105.

    Inverness Courier, 23 October 1837.

  106. 106.

    The Advocates’ coin collection was bought by the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland in the 1870s: Stevenson (1981b), 155. It was sold again in 1881 for £3500, which the Society used as a purchase fund for the next decade and more: Report of a Committee appointed by the Lords Commissioners of Her Majesty’s Treasury to inquire into Celtic Ornaments found in Ireland, PP 1899 (179) lxxvii 689, 729 (q. 540, Dr. David Christison).

  107. 107.

    NRS, E821/4, Treasure Trove: Treasury letters relating to disposal of objects, letters dated 16 November 1837 and 28 December 1837. The disposal of the Glasgow cathedral hoard was specifically sanctioned by the Treasury. See also ‘Anon’ (1857), (the paper relates to the events of 1837, despite the year of publication); Lindsay (1845), appendix no. 17: ‘An Account of Several Hoards or Parcels of Coins Discovered in Scotland’, based on an unpublished manuscript compiled by the late Dr. Wright of Glasgow’, with some additions by ‘Mr. Ferguson’ who gave Wright’s manuscript to Lindsay. This was presumably Mr Wright who was mentioned in De Cardonnel (1786), 7. Only Lindsay mentions a reward. There are minor variations between the various accounts.

  108. 108.

    ‘Anon’ (1857), 372; Simpson (1860–62a), 37.

  109. 109.

    See Christison et al. (1892), 7.

  110. 110.

    McCulloch (1862–64).

  111. 111.

    Cooper (ed.) (1947); Fergus (ed.) (1996).

  112. 112.

    Fergus (ed.) (1996), 106.

  113. 113.

    See Lord Advocate v. University of Aberdeen and Budge 1963 SC 533, where neither the Outer nor the Inner House of the Court of Session found the medieval texts to be of any assistance in the context of treasure trove.

  114. 114.

    Regiam Majestatem IV. 4: Cooper (ed.) (1947), 253.

  115. 115.

    Quoniam Attachiamenta, chapter 35, Fergus (ed. and trans.) (1996), 199. Cooper (ed.) (1947), 341, enumerates this section of Quoniam Attachiamenta as ‘chapter 48’. See Chap. 8.

  116. 116.

    Gordon (1995); McLeod (2000); Du Plessis (2015), 389–92.

  117. 117.

    Such deference, now seen as a nineteenth-century construct, was neither claimed by nor accorded to the authors of those texts in their day. See Cairns (1983) and (2000); Walker (2001), 149–51, 475–7; Kiralfy and MacQueen (eds) (2016), 76–117; Simpson and Wilson (2017), chapter 15.

  118. 118.

    See Cairns (1983), 77 and 99–100; idem (1988).

  119. 119.

    Ius Feudale, 2.17, 12. See M’Millan (1936), 1–5; Hill (1936), 259–60.

  120. 120.

    Whatley (2007), 70; Stair (1832), xv (editor’s preface).

  121. 121.

    I have relied on the fourth edition published not long before Victoria’s accession. See also Cairns (1983), 89–90.

  122. 122.

    It may be noted that non-precious metal coins were introduced much earlier in Scotland than in England: Lindsay (1845) 173ff; Stevenson (1981a), 150.

  123. 123.

    Goldie v. Murray 1753 M 3183.

  124. 124.

    Lindsay (1845), 260.

  125. 125.

    Rhind (1858b), 8. An unsuccessful attempt was made to assert a treasure trove franchise in 1852 on the basis of the word ‘waifs’ in a land charter: NRS, E872/11. Franchises of other regalian rights such as wreck were not unknown: see Fountainhall, ‘Anent Found Treasure’ (1677), reprinted in Brown (1826), vol. III, 148.

  126. 126.

    TNA, T221/95 Treasure Trove Memorandum, 15. See p. 194. Hill (1936), 256n, relied on this source without identifying it.

  127. 127.

    NRS, E871/2, 153.

  128. 128.

    Cleghorn and Bryce v. Baird, 1696 Mor 13522. See also Sands v. Bell and Balfour, 22 May 1810, F.C. 655, where a crown claim to res nullius failed on the facts. A more recent example of heirs establishing title to finds can be found in NRS, E872/2, 10–1.

  129. 129.

    Bankton (1751–53), I, viii, 9; I. iii, 14–16; II, i, 8: online: https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/100187433 Bankton’s Institute was republished in 1993–95 by the Stair Society (Edinburgh: Stair Society, vols 41–43). See Cairns (1983), 92–3.

  130. 130.

    Erskine (1805), II.i.12. Erskine (1754), i, 107, was more briefly to the same effect. See also Cairns (1983), 93–4.

  131. 131.

    Bell (1833), §§1291, 1293. Bell (1810) does not touch on the subject. See also Cairns (1983), 94; Reid (2011).

  132. 132.

    Bell (1833), §1291.

  133. 133.

    1 Bl. Com. 288.

  134. 134.

    The Practicks of Sir James Balfour of Pittendreich, ed. P.G.B. McNeill (Edinburgh: Stair Society, 1963), 519.

  135. 135.

    Hume (1797), i, 69. Hume was doubtless referring to the fourteenth-century text, Regiam Majestatem, see note 114 above, and perhaps also to Balfour’s Practicks, completed in 1579 and published in 1754: see previous note.

  136. 136.

    NRS, E312/1, 162 (20 May 1771).

  137. 137.

    Fountainhall’s comments on ‘treasure’ related to gold and silver in mines and to rights to wreck, not to treasure trove: Brown (1826), vol. III, 148.

  138. 138.

    Gentle v. Smith 1788 1 Bell Ill. 375. Bell’s account is based on Hume.

  139. 139.

    Caledonian Mercury, 28 July 1787. This prompted a letter from ‘A.B.’, a numismatic comment, which was published in the Caledonian Mercury on 4 August 1787. See also The Scots Magazine, July 1787, vol. 49, 360; Lindsay (1845), 262; Thompson (1956), 37, §105, adds nothing to Lindsay’s account.

  140. 140.

    Simpson (1860–62a), 36; Anderson (1872–74), 575; Graham-Campbell (1984). Part of the Skaill hoard was allocated to the museum of the Scottish Antiquaries: NRS, E872/44/15. See also NRS E872/32 Letters concerning find of 173 silver coins at Monifieth, Angus: this Exchequer record contains letters relating to Skaill.

  141. 141.

    Rhind (1858b), 8.

  142. 142.

    Carey Miller (2005a), 2.06; Reid (1996), §553 (by W.M. Gordon).

  143. 143.

    Christison et al. (1892), 6–9. This is amply established by Exchequer records in NRS; see especially the E872 series.

  144. 144.

    See Chap. 8.

  145. 145.

    Union with Scotland Act 1706; Union with England Act 1707. See Heath (1927), 195–7.

  146. 146.

    Union with England Act 1707, s. 19, Union with Scotland Act 1706, s. 19; Exchequer Court (Scotland) Act 1707, ss 1–6; Sixth Report of the Commissioners of Inquiry into the Courts of Justice in Scotland – Court of Exchequer, PP 1819 (546) xi 173. See also Murray (1974), 30–57; idem (2006); Murray and Burnett (1993); Whatley (2007), 328. See also Cooper (1958), 347–8.

  147. 147.

    Exchequer Court (Scotland) Act 1856, s. 1, constituting the Court of Session as the Court of Exchequer for Scotland.

  148. 148.

    Sixth Report of the Commissioners of Inquiry into the Courts of Justice in Scotland – Court of Exchequer, PP 1819 (546) xi 181.

  149. 149.

    Report of Sir William Rae, Baronet, Lord Advocate of Scotland, on the Recommendation contained in the Sixth Report of the Commissioners of Inquiry into the Courts of Justice in Scotland, regarding the Discontinuance of one of the Barons of the Court of Exchequer in Scotland, PP 1820 (36) vii 261, 262.

  150. 150.

    Public Revenue (Scotland) Act 1833, s. 1.

  151. 151.

    Public Revenue (Scotland) Act 1833, s. 2. It is not the case, as has been suggested, that the QLTR role was created in 1837 because of the failure to secure the Lewis chessmen.

  152. 152.

    Levitt (2014), 7. The breadth of the role has contracted significantly in more recent times, but treasure trove is still very much part of the remit: see http://www.qltr.gov.uk Currently, a dual appointment is made for the roles of Crown Agent and QLTR. Under the devolution settlement (Scotland Act 1998), revenues arising from treasure trove remain in Scotland. See Chap. 8.

  153. 153.

    In Scotland, sheriffs have retained their significance and the sheriff court is an important lower court with civil and criminal jurisdiction: Walker (2001), 288–91, 323–4.

  154. 154.

    The Exchequer treasure trove records in the National Records of Scotland, and in particular those in series E872, provide evidence of how treasure trove was secured for the crown between 1840 and 1979. Files in this series from 1840–1860, for example, contain numerous examples of the procurator fiscal’s involvement and the occasional involvement of the sheriff, sheriff-substitute or sheriff clerk, and the police.

  155. 155.

    Houston (2014).

  156. 156.

    Griffiths (1987), 8–9.

  157. 157.

    Rodger (2014), 456, and Nenadic (2014).

  158. 158.

    Lindsay (1845), 268. It became known as ‘The Innocent Railway’, its innocence attributed to its unsophisticated technology, initially a horse-drawn tramway.

  159. 159.

    Ibid, and Christison et al. (1892), 6.

  160. 160.

    Simpson (1860–62a), 37; Wilson (1863), i, 471.

  161. 161.

    The Royal Society of Edinburgh (RSE) was established as the Scottish national academy in 1783, a successor to earlier philosophical and medical societies dating to the early 1730s. When the RSE was founded, the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland was already in existence, established in 1780. See generally, Bell (ed.) (1981).

  162. 162.

    Bell (ed.) (1981), passim; Champion (1996), 126–8.

  163. 163.

    Simmons (1991), 158.

  164. 164.

    Evening Mail, 26 May 1848; Stevenson (1981b), 152.

  165. 165.

    Ash (1981), 94–5; RIA Council Minutes, vol. 7 (1845–49), 93–4.

  166. 166.

    Circular dated 11 March 1851 written by Patrick Duff, Elgin town clerk, quoted in Van Riper (1993), 33.

  167. 167.

    The fate is unknown of many of the Scottish coin finds listed in Thompson (1956), Robertson (2000), and Bland and Loriot (2010). See also Lindsay (1845), Lewis (1846), and The County Histories of Scotland (1896–1900).

  168. 168.

    The New Statistical Account of Scotland (1845), iii, 12–3, finds in and around Jedburgh, one presented to Sir Walter Scott, others bought by private collectors. For earlier periods, see Graham (1974–75); Graham-Campbell (2004).

  169. 169.

    Graham-Campbell (1991); Robertson (2000), §1911.

  170. 170.

    Thompson (1956), §271, relying on Jervise’s own account in PSAS 2 (1855): 68–9.

  171. 171.

    ‘Notes of meetings’, Arch J, 15 (1858): 87 (some of the torcs exhibited in London); Coles (1968); Clark (2014), 52.

  172. 172.

    See e.g. Clarke (1975–6).

  173. 173.

    The allocation is noted in Christison et al. (1892), 6. See Stevenson (1981a), 56.

  174. 174.

    NRS, E312/2, 324–5. The date is given only as ‘1813’. The 1907 case for counsel to advise was written by Sir Kenneth Mackenzie, QLTR. Stevenson (1981a), 64, does not refer to the 1813 document, but confirmed that no clear treasure trove practice emerged in Scotland until after the events described in the next chapter (i.e. not until after January 1859).

  175. 175.

    In 1822, a letter addressed to all clergymen was prepared for circulation and may actually have been sent out, seeking their support in the recovery of antiquities: ‘Copy of a Letter, which the Society agreed should be circulated among the Parochial Ministers of Scotland’, Archaeologia Scotica 2 (1822): xvii–xviii. Stevenson (1981a), 64, doubted whether the circular was ever distributed, but an earlier account suggests that it was: Society of Antiquaries of Scotland (1831), xviii.

  176. 176.

    Christison et al. (1892), 6–10; Society of Antiquaries of Scotland (1831), xviii.

  177. 177.

    Wilson (1851), i, xix; Wilson (1851–54).

  178. 178.

    Christison et al. (1892), 10; Rhind (1858b), 9; NRS, E871/1.

  179. 179.

    NRS, E821/4, Treasure Trove: Treasury letters relating to disposal of objects (1837–53). This file relates to only three finds. Treasury intervention is more readily detectable in the 1870s, as we shall see later.

  180. 180.

    See also NRS, E872/44.

  181. 181.

    Stevenson (1981a), 80ff. There was some variation in the nomenclature of the museum until the 1890s.

  182. 182.

    NRS, E872/5-44; Royal Commission on Science and Art Department in Ireland, Minutes of Evidence, PP 1868-69 (4103) xxiv, q 211, also referring to events outlined in the next chapter. See also Cochran-Patrick (1887–88).

  183. 183.

    NRS, E821/4, Treasure Trove: Treasury letters relating to disposal of objects (1837–53), letter from Treasury Solicitor to QLTR, November 16, 1837. An allocation of Scottish finds to the Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle upon Tyne was reported in the Newcastle Courant, 29 May 1846, and in a number of Scottish newspapers.

  184. 184.

    Anderson and Black (1888), 421.

  185. 185.

    NRS, E872/5, letter dated 21 November 1851.

  186. 186.

    NRS, E872/13; Scott (1851–4); Thompson (1956) §311. Thompson refers to 46 pennies; the Exchequer records state that fifteen went to the British Museum, while Scott suggests that sixteen went to NMAS. A puzzle remains.

  187. 187.

    NRS, E872/13, letter dated ‘July 1853’ from Hawkins to Henderson. The file also contains a letter dated 30 July 1853 from Henry Ellis, Principal Librarian of the British Museum, to Henderson, acknowledging receipt of coins: ‘this addition to the National Collections’.

  188. 188.

    E.g. NRS, E872/4, Copy letter from John Henderson to Adam Burgess, Dumfries, relating to the return of the unwanted portion of coin hoard found by him.

  189. 189.

    The individual files in NRS, E872, reveal inconsistency in the payment of rewards.

  190. 190.

    Rhind (1858b), 9.

  191. 191.

    ‘Proceedings, May 30, 1850’, PSAL 2 (1849–53): 84–86; ‘Proceedings, May 3, 1850’, Arch J 7 (1850): 194.

  192. 192.

    NRS, E872/44, List of articles of treasure trove (received between 1854–59) selected by SA Scot, and E872/36, Letters regarding find of copper coins on the beach at Tiree (two copper coins claimed as treasure trove, finders paid a reward of one-sixth of the value).

  193. 193.

    NRS, E872/47/11, letter 7 July 1859.

  194. 194.

    William Thackeray, ‘De Juventute’, in The Roundabout Papers (1863); part of this quotation appears in Houghton (1957), 3.

  195. 195.

    Charles Lyell, Principles of Geology, 3 vols. (London: J. Murray, 1830–33). ‘The Industrial Revolution needed geologists on every front’: Piggott (1976), 173–4.

  196. 196.

    Wilson (1851); Briggs (2007), 246. ‘Prehistory’ entered the language twenty years later: Joan Evans (1956), 280n, but is today a contested term: Schmidt and Mrozowski (eds) (2013).

  197. 197.

    Wilson (1851), xi–xii; Ash (2002), 66.

  198. 198.

    Robert Burns, ‘On the late Captain Grose’s Peregrinations thro’ Scotland, collecting the Antiquities of the Kingdom’, quoted by Irving (1859), 88, and by Wilson (1847), ix. Francis Grose was a well-published English antiquary: see Hill (2021), 30–2. See also Gordon (1980).

  199. 199.

    See generally Hill (2021), chapter 11.

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    N. M. Dawson

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Dawson, N.M. (2023). Treasure Trove in Early Victorian Ireland and Scotland. In: A Modern Legal History of Treasure. Palgrave Modern Legal History. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-12833-2_3

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