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Medicinal Plants Against Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) Type 2 Infections: Ethnopharmacology, Chemistry, and Clinical and Preclinical Studies

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Anti-Viral Metabolites from Medicinal Plants

Part of the book series: Reference Series in Phytochemistry ((RSP))

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Abstract

Herpes simplex viruses (HSV), long double-stranded DNA viruses, cause various types of infections in the human body. HSV-1 causes predominantly orofacial infection, whereas HSV-2 provokes principally genital infection. It is reported that when HSV-2 attacks neurons especially those of the eye and the brain, it causes herpes keratitis and herpes encephalitis respectively. HSV-2 is liable to cause various life-threatening diseases like Alzheimer’s disease, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), and encephalitis, and even death may occur. Moreover, the resistance of HSV-2 to the current available nucleoside derivative drugs such as acyclovir and valaciclovir originated the search for vital and useful therapies for the management of HSV-2 manifestation. The researchers are very much interested to naturally occurring substances to discover potential phytoconstituents or a mixture of phytoconstituents or a mixture of herbs with nucleotide analogs so that the expenditure, as well as the problems regarding resistance to drug and recurrence of infections, will be minimized. Various scientific evidences have proved that a lot of natural plant products are capable to prevent the infections caused by HSV-2. Several review papers reveal that compounds isolated from various plants, like phenolic acids, flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, saponins, lignan terpenoids, essential oils, etc., exhibit anti-viral properties against HSV-2. The medicinal plants are indicated to be highly promising medicine against simplex herpes virus, the mechanism of which is either directly preventing life cycle such as adsorption, penetration, genetic material replication, and protein synthesis or indirectly improving the immunity of the human body. This chapter is focused on the study of the cell structure of herpes simplex virus type 2 and its replication inside the host cell, medicines derived from natural sources mainly from whole plants or plant parts, the chemistry of phytoconstituents, and preclinical and clinical trials of recently developed drugs with their future trends.

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Abbreviations

AIDS:

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

AP:

Assembly of protein

CNS:

Central nervous system

CPE:

Cytopathic effect

CSF:

Cerebrospinal fluid

DNA:

Deoxyribonucleic acid

EGFR:

Epidermal growth factor receptor

g:

Glycoprotein

HSPG:

Heparan sulfate proteoglycan

HIV:

Human immunodeficiency virus

HPLC:

High-performance liquid chromatography

HRESIMS:

High-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy

HSV:

Herpes simplex viruses

HVEM:

Herpes virus entry medium

IL:

Interleukin

IR:

Infrared

MCP:

Major capsid protein

MS:

Mass spectroscopy

NMR:

Nuclear magnetic resonance

ORFs:

Open reading frames

OSMAC:

One strain many compounds

PCR:

Polymerase chain reaction

PDA:

Photodiode array

RNA:

Ribonucleic acid

ssDNA:

Single-stranded DNA

TAL:

Tyrosine ammonia lyase

Th:

T-helper cell

UL:

Long unique region

US:

Short unique region

UV:

Ultraviolet

WHO:

World Health Organization

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  1. Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Jalpaiguri, Government of West Bengal, Jalpaiguri, West Bengal, India

    Chandi Charan Kandar

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  1. Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Ghasidas University, Bilaspur, India

    Dilipkumar Pal

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Kandar, C.C. (2024). Medicinal Plants Against Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) Type 2 Infections: Ethnopharmacology, Chemistry, and Clinical and Preclinical Studies. In: Pal, D. (eds) Anti-Viral Metabolites from Medicinal Plants. Reference Series in Phytochemistry. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-12199-9_5

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