Abstract
In this chapter, I will provide a discussion of what constitutes sexual violence from a feminist, rather than legal, perspective. In the first part of the chapter, based on what previous studies on the topic have unveiled, I will outline some of the most pervasive rape myths, and how these are often used in the news to construct dominant rape narratives. The second part of the chapter will be dedicated to presenting the value of sexual violence to news media and how this is discursively constructed, rather than inherent. This will then lead into a broader discussion of discourse and the role of the media in maintaining the status quo.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Aldridge, M. (1995). Contemplating the monster: UK national press treatment of the Frank Beck affair. The Sociological Review, 43(4), 658–674.
Allison, J. A., & Wrightsman, L. S. (1993). Rape: The misunderstood crime. Sage.
Artemisia Gentileschi’s painting Lucretia sells for almost €4.8m. (2019, November 13). The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/education/2019/nov/13/artemisia-gentileschis-painting-lucretia-sold-for-almost-48m
Baker, P. (2004). Querying keywords: Questions of difference, frequency, and sense in keywords analysis. Journal of English Linguistics, 32(4), 346–359.
Baker, P., Gabrielatos, C., Khosravinik, M., Krzyżanowski, M., McEnery, T., & Wodak, R. (2008). A useful methodological synergy? Combining critical discourse analysis and corpus linguistics to examine discourses of refugees and asylum seekers in the UK press. Discourse & Society, 19(3), 273–306.
Barr, C. (2020, October 19). Rape prosecutors in England and Wales given new advice over dating apps. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/society/2020/oct/19/prosecutors-england-wales-new-advice-dating-apps-nude-selfies-consent-cps
Bednarek, M., & Caple, H. (2012). News discourse. Continuum.
Bednarek, M., & Caple, H. (2014). Why do news values matter? Towards a new methodological framework for analyzing news discourse in critical discourse analysis and beyond. Discourse & Society, 25(2), 135–158.
Bednarek, M., & Caple, H. (2017). The discourse of news values: How news organizations create newsworthiness. Oxford University Press.
Benedict, H. (1993). Virgin or vamp: How the press covers sex crimes. Oxford University Press.
Bonnes, S. (2013). Gender and racial stereoty** in rape coverage. Feminist Media Studies, 13(2), 208–227.
Boshoff, P., & Prinsloo, J. (2015). Expurgating the monstrous: An analysis of the South African Daily Sun’s coverage of gang rape. Feminist Media Studies, 15(2), 208–222.
Bourke, J. (2007). Rape: A history from 1860 to the present. Hachette UK.
Boyle, K. (2019). #MeToo. Palgrave Macmillan.
Boyle, K., & Rathnayake, C. (2020). #HimToo and the networking of misogyny in the age of #MeToo. Feminist Media Studies, 20(8), 1259–1277.
Bridges, A. J., Wosnitzer, R., Scharrer, E., Sun, C., & Liberman, R. (2010). Aggression and sexual behaviour in best-selling pornography videos: A content analysis update. Violence against Women, 16(10), 1065–1085.
Brownmiller, S. (1975). Against our will: Men, women and rape. Pelican Books.
Burr, V. (1995). An introduction to social constructionism. Routledge.
Burt, R. M. (1980). Cultural myths and supports for rape. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 38(2), 217–230.
Burton, M., McLeod, R., de Guzmán, V., Evans, R., Lambert, H., & Cass, G. (2012). Understanding the progression of serious cases through the Criminal Justice System. Evidence drawn from a selection of casefiles. Ministry of Justice Research Series 11/12. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/217471/understanding-progression-serious-cases.pdf
Cameron, D. (2001). Working with spoken discourse. Sage.
Cameron, D. (2020, July 11). Isolated incidents. Language: A Feminist Guide. https://debuk.wordpress.com/2020/07/11/isolated-incidents/
Christie, N. (1986). The ideal victim. In E. Fattah (Ed.), From crime policy to victim policy: Reorienting the justice system (pp. 17–30). Palgrave Macmillan.
Clark, K. (1992). The linguistics of blame: Representations of women in the Sun’s reporting of crimes of sexual violence. In M. Toolan (Ed.), Language, text, and context: Essays in stylistics (pp. 208–224). Routledge.
Crown Prosecution Service (CPS). (2021). Rape and sexual offences—Annex A: Tackling rape myths and stereotypes. https://www.cps.gov.uk/legal-guidance/rape-and-sexual-offences-annex-tackling-rape-myths-and-stereotypes
De Benedictis, S., Orgad, S., & Rottenberg, C. (2019). #MeToo, popular feminism and the news: A content analysis of UK newspaper coverage. European Journal of Cultural Studies, 22(5–6), 718–738.
Dines, G. (2010). Pornland: How porn has hijacked our sexuality. Beacon Press.
Dworkin, A. (1993). Letters from a war zone. Lawrence Hill Books.
Edwards, S. (2015). The strangulation of female partners. Criminal Law Review, 12, 949–966.
Ehrlich, S. (2007). Normative discourses and representations of coerced sex. In J. Cotterill (Ed.), The language of sexual crime (pp. 126–138). Palgrave Macmillan.
Estrich, S. (1987). Real rape. Harvard University Press.
Fairclough, N. (1989). Language and power. Routledge.
Fairclough, N. (1992). Discourse and social change. Polity Press.
Fairclough, N. (1995). Media discourse. Edward Arnold.
Fairclough, N. (2003). Analysing discourse: Textual analysis for social research. Routledge.
Fileborn, B., & Loney-Howes, R. (Eds.). (2019). #MeToo and the politics of social change. Palgrave Macmillan.
Formato, F. (2019). Gender, discourse and ideology in Italian. Palgrave Macmillan.
Fowler, R. (1991). Language in the news: Discourse and ideology in the press. Routledge.
Fowler, R. (1996). Linguistic criticism (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press.
Franiuk, R., Luca, A., & Robinson, S. (2020). The effects of victim and perpetrator characteristics on ratings of guilt in a sexual assault case. Violence against Women, 26(6–7), 614–635.
Franiuk, R., Seefelt, J. L., & Vandello, J. A. (2008). Prevalence of rape myth in headlines and their effects on attitudes toward rape. Sex Roles, 58(11–12), 790–801.
Fürsich, E. (2009). In defense of textual analysis: Restoring a challenged method for journalism and media studies. Journalism Studies, 10(2), 238–252.
Gabrielatos, C., & Baker, P. (2008). Fleeing, sneaking, flooding: A corpus analysis of discursive constructions of refugees and asylum seekers in the UK press, 1996–2005. Journal of English Linguistics, 36(1), 5–38.
Galtung, J., & Ruge, M. H. (1965). The structure of foreign news. Journal of Peace Research, 2(1), 64–90.
Garber, M. (2017, October 13). Harvey Weinstein and the power of celebrity exceptionalism. The Atlantic. https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2017/10/harvey-weinstein-and-the-power-of-celebrity-exceptionalism/542880/
Gavey, N. (2019). The persistence of a masculine point of view in public narratives about rape. In U. Andersson, M. Edgren, L. Karlsson, & G. Nilsson (Eds.), Rape narratives in motion (pp. 247–255). Palgrave Macmillan.
Gilmore, L. (2017). Tainted witness: Why we doubt what women say about their lives. Columbia University Press.
Greer, C. (2012). Sex crime and the media. Routledge.
Greer, G. (2018). On Rape. Bloomsbury Publishing.
Griffin, S. (1979). Rape: The politics of consciousness. Harper and Row.
Hall, S. (1973). The determinations of news photographs. In S. Cohen & J. Young (Eds.), The manufacture of news: A reader (pp. 176–190). Sage.
Hall, S., Critcher, C., Jefferson, T., Clarke, J., & Roberts, B. (1978). Policing the crisis: Mugging, the state and law and order. Palgrave Macmillan.
Harcup, T., & O’Neill, D. (2001). What is news? Galtung and Ruge revisited. Journalism Studies, 2(2), 261–280.
Hodge, R., & Kress, G. (1993). Language as ideology (2nd ed.). Routledge.
Humfrey, P. (2007). Titian: The complete paintings. Harry N. Abrams.
Kelly, L. (1988). Surviving sexual violence. Polity Press.
King James Bible. (2017). King James Bible Online (Original work published 1769). https://www.kingjamesbibleonline.org/
Kitzinger, C., & Thomas, A. (1995). Sexual harassment: A discursive approach. In S. Wilkinson & C. Kitzinger (Eds.), Feminism and discourse: Psychological perspectives (pp. 32–48). Sage.
Kitzinger, J. (2009). Rape in the media. In M. Horvath & J. Brown (Eds.), Rape: Challenging contemporary thinking (pp. 74–98). Routledge.
Kohler Riessman, C. (2008). Narrative methods for the human sciences. Sage.
Livy. (1919). Ab urbe condita (Books I and II with an English translation by Benjamin Oliver Foster). (Original work published ca. between 27 and 9 B.C.). Harvard University Press. http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/
Loś, M., & Chamard, S. E. (1997). Selling newspapers or educating the public? Sexual violence in the media. Canadian Journal of Criminology, 39(3), 293–328.
MacKinnon, C. (1987). Feminism unmodified: Discourses on life and law. Harvard University Press.
MacKinnon, C. (2016). Rape redefined. Harvard Law & Policy Review, 10(2), 431.
MacKinnon, C. (2019, March 24). Where #MeToo came from, and where it’s going. The Atlantic. https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2019/03/catharine-mackinnon-what-metoo-has-changed/585313/
Manne, K. (2017). Down girl: The logic of misogyny. Oxford University Press.
Mason, P., & Monckton-Smith, J. (2008). Conflation, collocation and confusion: British press coverage of the sexual murder of women. Journalism, 9(6), 691–710.
Mathieu, N. C. (1990). When yielding is not consenting. Feminist Issues, 10(1), 51–90.
McEnery, A., & Baker, P. (Eds.). (2015). Corpora and discourse studies: Integrating discourse and corpora. Palgrave Macmillan.
McKenzie-Mohr, S. (2014). Counter-storying rape: Women’s efforts toward liberatory meaning making. In S. McKenzie-Mohr & M. N. Lafrance (Eds.), Women voicing resistance: Discursive and narrative explorations (pp. 64–83). Routledge.
Mendes, K., Ringrose, J., & Keller, J. (2019). Digital feminist activism: Girls and women fight back against rape culture. Oxford University Press.
Meyers, M. (1997). News coverage of violence against women: Engendering Blame. Sage.
Monckton-Smith, J. (2010). Relating rape and murder. Palgrave Macmillan.
Monckton-Smith, J. (2012). Murder, gender and the media: Narratives of dangerous love. Palgrave Macmillan.
Mooney, A. (2007). When rape is (not quite) rape. In J. Cotterill (Ed.), The language of sexual crime (pp. 198–216). Palgrave Macmillan.
Morton, B. (2021, September 30). Sarah Everard: How Wayne Couzens planned her murder. BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-58746108
Nartey, M., & Mwinlaaru, I. N. (2019). Towards a decade of synergising corpus linguistics and critical discourse analysis: A meta-analysis. Corpora, 14(2), 203–235.
Nilsson, G. (2019). Narrating the moral geography of rape in Swedish newspapers. In U. Andersson, M. Edgren, L. Karlsson, & G. Nilsson (Eds.), Rape narratives in motion (pp. 119–146). Palgrave Macmillan.
Office for National Statistics (ONS). (2021, November 24). The lasting impact of violence against women and girls. https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/crimeandjustice/articles/thelastingimpactofviolenceagainstwomenandgirls/2021-11-24
O’Hara, S. (2012). Monsters, playboys, virgins and whores: Rape myths in the news media’s coverage of sexual violence. Language & Literature, 21(3), 247–259.
O’Neill, D. (2012). No cause for celebration: Celebrity news values in the UK quality press. Journalism Education, 1(2), 26–44.
Partington, A. (2010). Modern Diachronic Corpus-Assisted Discourse Studies (MD-CADS) on UK newspapers: An overview of the project. Corpora, 5(2), 83–108.
Pérez-Peña, R. (2017, January 27). Woman linked to 1955 Emmett Till murder tells historian her claims were false. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/27/us/emmett-till-lynching-carolyn-bryant-donham.html
Rape Crisis. (n.d.). Myths vs facts. https://rapecrisis.org.uk/get-informed/about-sexual-violence/myths-vs-realities/
Reiner, R. (2000). The politics of the police. Oxford University Press.
Rojek, C. (2001). Celebrity. Reaktion Books.
Scully, D. (1990). Understanding sexual violence: A study of convicted rapists. Routledge.
Serisier, T. (2019). A new age of believing women? Judging rape narratives online. In U. Andersson, M. Edgren, L. Karlsson, & G. Nilsson (Eds.), Rape narratives in motion (pp. 199–222). Palgrave Macmillan.
Sheehy, E. (2002). Evidence law and “credibility testing” of women: A comment on the E case. Queensland University of Technology, Law & Justice Journal, 2(2), 157–174.
Smart, B., & Smart, C. (1978). Accounting for rape: Reality and myth in press reporting. In C. Smart & B. Smart (Eds.), Women, sexuality and social control (pp. 87–103). Routledge.
Smart, C. (1989). Feminism and the power of law. Routledge.
Smith, D. E. (1974). Women’s perspective as a radical critique of sociology. Sociological Inquiry, 44(1), 7–13.
Smith, O. (2019). Narratives, credibility and adversarial justice in English and Welsh rape trials. In U. Andersson, M. Edgren, L. Karlsson, & G. Nilsson (Eds.), Rape narratives in motion (pp. 71–99). Palgrave Macmillan.
Soothill, K., & Walby, S. (1991). Sex crime in the news. Routledge.
Spender, D. (1980). Man-made language. Routledge.
Stanko, E. A. (1985). Intimate intrusions: Women’s experience of male violence. Routledge.
Stubbs, M. (1996). Text and corpus analysis. Blackwell.
Tabbert, U. (2016). Language and crime: Constructing offenders and victims in newspaper reports. Palgrave Macmillan.
Taylor, C., & Marchi, A. (Eds.). (2018). Corpus approaches to discourse. Routledge.
Top**, A. (2018, December 6). Quarter of adults think marital sex without consent is not rape, UK survey finds. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/society/2018/dec/06/quarter-of-adults-think-marital-sex-without-consent-is-not-uk-survey-finds
Top**, A., & Barr, C. (2019, September 23). Revealed: Less than a third of young men prosecuted for rape are convicted. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/society/2018/sep/23/revealed-less-than-a-third-of-young-men-prosecuted-for-are-convicted
Tranchese, A. (2009). The representation of rape in Singaporean and Italian newspapers. In Proceedings of the 2009 International Conference on Social Science and Humanities: ICSSH 2009 (pp. 383–387). International Association of Computer Science and Information Technology. https://www.worldcat.org/title/proceedings-of-2009-international-conference-on-social-science-and-humanities-icssh-2009singapore-october-9-11-2009/oclc/517293170
Tranchese, A. (2019). Covering rape: How the media determine how we understand sexualised violence. Gender & Language, 13(2), 174–201.
Tranchese, A. (2020). Rape victims and the law: Victim-blaming and victimisation in reports of rape in the British press. In H. Ringrow & S. Pihlaja (Eds.), Contemporary media stylistics (pp. 141–164). Bloomsbury Publishing.
Tranchese, A., & Sugiura, L. (2021). “I don’t hate all women, just those stuck-up bitches”: How Incels and mainstream pornography speak the same extreme language of misogyny. Violence against Women, 27(14), 2709–2734.
U.S. Department of State. (2022). 2021 Country reports on human rights practices. https://www.state.gov/reports/2021-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/
van Dijk, T. A. (1998). Ideology: A multidisciplinary approach. Sage.
Vera-Gray, F. (2018). The right amount of panic: How women trade freedom for safety. Policy press.
Vera-Gray, F., McGlynn, C., Kureshi, I., & Butterby, K. (2021). Sexual violence as a sexual script in mainstream online pornography. The British Journal of Criminology, 61(5), 1243–1260.
Walby, S. (1990). Theorizing patriarchy. Blackwell.
Ward, C. A. (1995). Attitudes toward rape: Feminist and social psychological perspectives. Sage.
Waterhouse-Watson, D. (2016). News media on trial: Towards a feminist ethics of reporting footballer sexual assault trials. Feminist Media Studies, 16(6), 952–967.
Waterhouse-Watson, D. (2019). Who is the “real” victim? Race and gender in the trial of an Elite Australian footballer. In U. Andersson, M. Edgren, L. Karlsson, & G. Nilsson (Eds.), Rape narratives in motion (pp. 147–169). Palgrave Macmillan.
We Can’t Consent To This. (2020). What can be consented to? https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5c49b798e749409bfb9b6ef2/t/5e4da72920c08f54b94d91e4/1582147383202/WCCTT+briefing+sheet+2020+February.pdf
Wigmore, J. H. (1940). Evidence of trials at common law (Vol. 8). Little Brown.
Wood, J. T. (1994). Saying it makes it so: The discursive construction of sexual harassment. In S. G. Bingham (Ed.), Conceptualizing sexual harassment as discursive practice (pp. 17–32). Praeger.
Worthington, N. (2013). Explaining gang rape in a “rough town”: Diverse voices in gender violence news online. Communication, Culture & Critique, 6(1), 103–120.
Wright, P. J. (2011). Mass media effects on youth sexual behavior assessing the claim for causality. Annals of the International Communication Association, 35(1), 343–385.
Yardley, E. (2021). The killing of women in “sex games gone wrong”: An analysis of femicides in Great Britain 2000–2018. Violence against Women, 27(11), 1840–1861.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2023 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Tranchese, A. (2023). Defining the Field. In: From Fritzl to #metoo. Palgrave Studies in Language, Gender and Sexuality. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-09353-1_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-09353-1_2
Published:
Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-031-09352-4
Online ISBN: 978-3-031-09353-1
eBook Packages: Social SciencesSocial Sciences (R0)