SpringerLink
Log in

Methods for Measuring Blood Pressure and Applications to Diabetes

A Focus on Children, Adolescents, and Young Adults

  • Reference work entry
  • First Online:
Biomarkers in Diabetes

  • 1091 Accesses

Abstract

The prevalence of hypertension in youth with diabetes is higher than in the nondiabetic individuals. Hypertension is a major cardiovascular risk factor in diabetes and contributes to the development of macro- and microvascular complications. Blood pressure (BP) measurement is essential for diagnosing hypertension. Office BP measurement is widely used but can be misleading. Twenty-four-hour ambulatory monitoring is recommended for detecting white-coat, masked, and non-dip** hypertension, yet it is not easily available in primary care. Home BP monitoring is more easily accessible in primary care, yet it is scarcely investigated in children, particularly those with diabetes. Proper measurement BP methodology and devices validated specifically in children should be used with all methods. In this chapter theoretical and practical information and guidance is provided for measuring office, ambulatory, and home BP in children, adolescents, and young adults with diabetes.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
EUR 32.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or Ebook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 549.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 329.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free ship** worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

Abbreviations

AAP:

American Academy of Pediatrics

ABPM:

Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring

BP:

Blood pressure

ESH:

European Society of Hypertension

HBPM:

Home blood pressure monitoring

KiGGS:

German Health Interview and Examination Survey for Children and Adolescents

OBPM:

Office blood pressure measurement

T1D:

Type 1 diabetes

T2D:

Type 2 diabetes

References

  • Ahmadizar F, Souverein P, De Boer A, Maitland-Van Der Zee AH. Undertreatment of hypertension and hypercholesterolaemia in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes: long-term follow-up on time trends in the occurrence of cardiovascular disease, risk factors and medications use. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2018;84:776–85.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • American Diabetes Association. 13. Children and adolescents: standards of medical care in diabetes-2019. Diabetes Care. 2019;42:S148–64.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bald M, Hoyer PF. Measurement of blood pressure at home: survey among pediatric nephrologists. Pediatr Nephrol. 2001;16:1058–62.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bao W, Threefoot SA, Srinivasan SR, Berenson GS. Essential hypertension predicted by tracking of elevated blood pressure from childhood to adulthood: the Bogalusa Heart Study. Am J Hypertens. 1995;8:657–65.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chen X, Wang Y. Tracking of blood pressure from childhood to adulthood: a systematic review and meta-regression analysis. Circulation. 2008;117:3171–80.

    Google Scholar 

  • Copeland KC, Zeitler P, Geffner M, Guandalini C, Higgins J, Hirst K, Kaufman FR, Linder B, Marcovina S, Mcguigan P, Pyle L, Tamborlane W, Willi S, TODAY Study Group. Characteristics of adolescents and youth with recent-onset type 2 diabetes: the Today cohort at baseline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;96:159–67.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dabelea D, Stafford JM, Mayer-Davis EJ, D’agostino R Jr, Dolan L, Imperatore G, Linder B, Lawrence JM, Marcovina SM, Mottl AK, Black MH, Pop-Busui R, Saydah S, Hamman RF, Pihoker C, SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Research Group. Association of Type 1 Diabetes vs type 2 Diabetes diagnosed during childhood and adolescence with complications during teenage years and young adulthood. JAMA. 2017;317:825–35.

    Google Scholar 

  • Din-Dzietham R, Liu Y, Bielo MV, Shamsa F. High blood pressure trends in children and adolescents in national surveys, 1963 to 2002. Circulation. 2007;116:1488–96.

    Google Scholar 

  • Donaghue KC, Marcovecchio ML, Wadwa RP, Chew EY, Wong TY, Calliari LE, Zabeen B, Salem MA, Craig ME. ISPAD clinical practice consensus guidelines 2018: microvascular and macrovascular complications in children and adolescents. Pediatr Diabetes. 2018;19(Suppl 27):262–74.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dost A, Molz E, Krebs A, Bechtold S, Kapellen T, Rohrer T, Raile K, Fritsch M, Schwab KO, Holl R. Pulse pressure in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus in Germany and Austria. Pediatr Diabetes. 2014;15:236–43.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dost A, Bechtold S, Fink K, Bonfig W, Wiemann D, Kapellen TM, Witsch M, Schwab KO, Holl RW, Initiative DPV-Science and the German Diabetes Research Center. 2017 American Academy of Pediatrics Clinical Practice Guideline: impact on prevalence of arterial hypertension in children and adolescents with type 1 Diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2020;43:1311–8.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Duncombe SL, Voss C, Harris KC. Oscillometric and auscultatory blood pressure measurement methods in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Hypertens. 2017;35:213–24.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Duzova A, Karabay Bayazit A, Canpolat N, Niemirska A, Kaplan Bulut I, Azukaitis K, Karagoz T, Oguz B, Erdem S, Anarat A, Ranchin B, Shroff R, Djukic M, Harambat J, Yilmaz A, Yildiz N, Ozcakar B, Buscher A, Lugani F, Wygoda S, Tschumi S, Zaloszyc A, Jankauskiene A, Laube G, Galiano M, Kirchner M, Querfeld U, Melk A, Schaefer F, Wuhl E, for the 4C Study Consortium. Isolated nocturnal and isolated daytime hypertension associate with altered cardiovascular morphology and function in children with chronic kidney disease: findings from the Cardiovascular Comorbidity in Children with Chronic Kidney Disease Study. J Hypertens. 2019;37:2247–55.

    Google Scholar 

  • Egan BM, Zhao Y, Axon RN. US trends in prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension, 1988–2008. JAMA. 2010;303:2043–50.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eppens MC, Craig ME, Cusumano J, Hing S, Chan AK, Howard NJ, Silink M, Donaghue KC. Prevalence of diabetes complications in adolescents with type 2 compared with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2006;29:1300–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Expert Panel on Integrated Guidelines for Cardiovascular Health and Risk Reduction in Children and Adolescents; National Heart, Lung, & Blood, Institute. Expert panel on integrated guidelines for cardiovascular health and risk reduction in children and adolescents: summary report. Pediatrics. 2011;128(Suppl 5):S213–56.

    Google Scholar 

  • Flynn JT. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in children: imperfect yet essential. Pediatr Nephrol. 2011;26:2089–94.

    Google Scholar 

  • Flynn JT, Falkner BE. New clinical practice guideline for the management of high blood pressure in children and adolescents. Hypertension. 2017;70:683–6.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Flynn JT, Kaelber DC, Baker-Smith CM, Blowey D, Carroll AE, Daniels SR, De Ferranti SD, Dionne JM, Falkner B, Flinn SK, Gidding SS, Goodwin C, Leu MG, Powers ME, Rea C, Samuels J, Simasek M, Thaker VV, Urbina EM, Subcommittee on Screening and Management of High Blood Pressure in Children. Clinical practice guideline for screening and management of high blood pressure in children and adolescents. Pediatrics. 2017;140.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fornari E, Piona C, Rabbone I, Cardella F, Mozzillo E, Predieri B, Lo Presti D, Cherubini V, Patera IP, Suprani T, Bonfanti R, Cauvin V, Lombardo F, Zucchini S, Zanfardino A, Giani E, Reinstadler P, Minuto N, Buganza R, Roppolo R, Marigliano M, Maffeis C. Cardiovascular risk factors in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes in Italy: a multicentric observational study. Pediatr Diabetes. 2020;21:1546–55.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gepts T, Nguyen AM, Cleland C, Wu W, Pham-Singer H, Shelley D. Accounting for blood pressure seasonality alters evaluation of practice-level blood pressure control intervention. Am J Hypertens. 2020;33:220–2.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gerasimidi-Vazeou A, Birkebaek NH, Iotova V, Cherubini V, Piccini B, Biester T, Stipancic G, Jefferies C, Maffeis C, Stergiou GS, SWEET Study Group. Blood pressure measurement methodology and technology in the Sweet diabetes centers: an international SWEET database survey. Pediatr Diabetes. 2020;21:1537–45.

    Google Scholar 

  • Handler J, Zhao Y, Egan BM. Impact of the number of blood pressure measurements on blood pressure classification in US adults: NHANES 1999-2008. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2012;14:751–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Iyriboz Y, Hearon CM, Edwards K. Agreement between large and small cuffs in sphygmomanometry: a quantitative assessment. J Clin Monit. 1994;10:127–33.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kallioinen N, Hill A, Horswill MS, Ward HE, Watson MO. Sources of inaccuracy in the measurement of adult patients’ resting blood pressure in clinical settings: a systematic review. J Hypertens. 2017;35:421–41.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Knerr I, Dost A, Lepler R, Raile K, Schober E, Rascher W, Holl RW, Diabetes Data Acquisition System For Prospective Surveillance Scientific Initiative Germany & Austria. Tracking and prediction of arterial blood pressure from childhood to young adulthood in 868 patients with type 1 diabetes: a multicenter longitudinal survey in Germany and Austria. Diabetes Care. 2008;31:726–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Koebnick C, Imperatore G, Jensen ET, Stafford JM, Shah AS, Mottl AK, Bell RA, Dabelea D, Liese AD, Marcovina SM, D’agostino RB Jr, Urbina EM, Lawrence JM. Progression to hypertension in youth and young adults with type 1 or type 2 diabetes: the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2020;22:888–96.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kollias A, Pantsiotou K, Karpettas N, Roussias L, Stergiou GS. Tracking of blood pressure from childhood to adolescence in a Greek cohort. Eur J Pub Health. 2012;22:389–93.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kollias A, Kyriakoulis KG, Stambolliu E, Ntineri A, Anagnostopoulos I, Stergiou GS. Seasonal blood pressure variation assessed by different measurement methods: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Hypertens. 2020;38:791–8.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kosti RI, Panagiotakos DB. The epidemic of obesity in children and adolescents in the world. Cent Eur J Public Health. 2006;14:151–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kronish IM, Kent S, Moise N, Shimbo D, Safford MM, Kynerd RE, O’beirne R, Sullivan A, Muntner P. Barriers to conducting ambulatory and home blood pressure monitoring during hypertension screening in the United States. J Am Soc Hypertens. 2017;11:573–80.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lurbe E. Childhood blood pressure: a window to adult hypertension. J Hypertens. 2003;21:2001–3.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lurbe E, Redon J, Kesani A, Pascual JM, Tacons J, Alvarez V, Batlle D. Increase in nocturnal blood pressure and progression to microalbuminuria in type 1 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2002;347:797–805.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lurbe E, Agabiti-Rosei E, Cruickshank JK, Dominiczak A, Erdine S, Hirth A, Invitti C, Litwin M, Mancia G, Pall D, Rascher W, Redon J, Schaefer F, Seeman T, Sinha M, Stabouli S, Webb NJ, Wuhl E, Zanchetti A. 2016 European Society of Hypertension guidelines for the management of high blood pressure in children and adolescents. J Hypertens. 2016;34:1887–920.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Margeirsdottir HD, Larsen JR, Brunborg C, Overby NC, Dahl-Jorgensen K, Norwegian Study Group For Childhood Diabetes. High prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes: a population-based study. Diabetologia. 2008;51:554–61.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miller RG, Mahajan HD, Costacou T, Sekikawa A, Anderson SJ, Orchard TJ. A contemporary estimate of total mortality and cardiovascular disease risk in young adults with type 1 Diabetes: the Pittsburgh Epidemiology of Diabetes Complications Study. Diabetes Care. 2016;39:2296–303.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Muntner P, He J, Cutler JA, Wildman RP, Whelton PK. Trends in blood pressure among children and adolescents. JAMA. 2004;291:2107–13.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nambam B, Dubose SN, Nathan BM, Beck RW, Maahs DM, Wadwa RP, Tamborlane WV, Foster NC, Miller KM, Haller MJ, Network TDEC. Therapeutic inertia: underdiagnosed and undertreated hypertension in children participating in the T1D Exchange Clinic Registry. Pediatr Diabetes. 2016;17:15–20.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Negroni-Balasquide X, Bell CS, Samuel J, Samuels JA. Is one measurement enough to evaluate blood pressure among adolescents? A blood pressure screening experience in more than 9000 children with a subset comparison of auscultatory to mercury measurements. J Am Soc Hypertens. 2016;10:95–100.

    Google Scholar 

  • O’brien E, Asmar R, Beilin L, Imai Y, Mallion JM, Mancia G, Mengden T, Myers M, Padfield P, Palatini P, Parati G, Pickering T, Redon J, Staessen J, Stergiou G, Verdecchia P, European Society of Hypertension Working Group on Blood Pressure Monitoring. European Society of Hypertension recommendations for conventional, ambulatory and home blood pressure measurement. J Hypertens. 2003;21:821–48.

    Google Scholar 

  • O’brien E, Parati G, Stergiou G, Asmar R, Beilin L, Bilo G, Clement D, De La Sierra A, De Leeuw P, Dolan E, Fagard R, Graves J, Head GA, Imai Y, Kario K, Lurbe E, Mallion JM, Mancia G, Mengden T, Myers M, Ogedegbe G, Ohkubo T, Omboni S, Palatini P, Redon J, Ruilope LM, Shennan A, Staessen JA, Vanmontfrans G, Verdecchia P, Waeber B, Wang J, Zanchetti A, Zhang Y, European Society of Hypertension Working Group on Blood Pressure Monitoring. European Society of Hypertension position paper on ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. J Hypertens. 2013;31:1731–68.

    Google Scholar 

  • Orchard TJ, Forrest KY, Kuller LH, Becker DJ, Pittsburgh Epidemiology of Diabetes Complications Study. Lipid and blood pressure treatment goals for type 1 diabetes: 10-year incidence data from the Pittsburgh Epidemiology of Diabetes Complications Study. Diabetes Care. 2001;24:1053–9.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ostchega Y, Zhang G, Kit BK, Nwankwo T. Factors associated with home blood pressure monitoring among US adults: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2011–2014. Am J Hypertens. 2017;30:1126–32.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parati G, Stergiou GS, Asmar R, Bilo G, De Leeuw P, Imai Y, Kario K, Lurbe E, Manolis A, Mengden T, O’brien E, Ohkubo T, Padfield P, Palatini P, Pickering T, Redon J, Revera M, Ruilope LM, Shennan A, Staessen JA, Tisler A, Waeber B, Zanchetti A, Mancia G, ESH Working Group on Blood Pressure Monitoring. European Society of Hypertension guidelines for blood pressure monitoring at home: a summary report of the second international consensus conference on home blood pressure monitoring. J Hypertens. 2008;26:1505–26.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Parati G, Stergiou GS, Bilo G, Kollias A, Pengo M, Ochoa JE, Agarwal R, Asayama K, Asmar R, Burnier M, De La Sierra A, Giannattasio C, Gosse P, Head G, Hoshide S, Imai Y, Kario K, Li Y, Manios E, Mant J, McManus RJ, Mengden T, Mihailidou AS, Muntner P, Myers M, Niiranen T, Ntineri A, O’brien E, Octavio JA, Ohkubo T, Omboni S, Padfield P, Palatini P, Pellegrini D, Postel-Vinay N, Ramirez AJ, Sharman JE, Shennan A, Silva E, Topouchian J, Torlasco C, Wang JG, Weber MA, Whelton PK, White WB, Mancia G, Working Group on Blood Pressure Monitoring and Cardiovascular Variability of the European Society of Hypertension. Home blood pressure monitoring: methodology, clinical relevance and practical application: a 2021 position paper by the Working Group on Blood Pressure Monitoring and Cardiovascular Variability of the European Society of Hypertension. J Hypertens. 2021;39:1742–67.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Petrie JR, Guzik TJ, Touyz RM. Diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease: clinical insights and vascular mechanisms. Can J Cardiol. 2018;34:575–84.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rawshani A, Rawshani A, Franzen S, Eliasson B, Svensson AM, Miftaraj M, McGuire DK, Sattar N, Rosengren A, Gudbjornsdottir S. Mortality and cardiovascular disease in type 1 and type 2 Diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2017;376:1407–18.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rawshani A, Sattar N, Franzen S, Rawshani A, Hattersley AT, Svensson AM, Eliasson B, Gudbjornsdottir S. Excess mortality and cardiovascular disease in young adults with type 1 diabetes in relation to age at onset: a nationwide, register-based cohort study. Lancet. 2018;392:477–86.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rawshani A, Rawshani A, Sattar N, Franzen S, McGuire DK, Eliasson B, Svensson AM, Zethelius B, Miftaraj M, Rosengren A, Gudbjornsdottir S. Relative prognostic importance and optimal levels of risk factors for mortality and cardiovascular outcomes in type 1 Diabetes mellitus. Circulation. 2019;139:1900–12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rodriguez BL, Dabelea D, Liese AD, Fujimoto W, Waitzfelder B, Liu L, Bell R, Talton J, Snively BM, Kershnar A, Urbina E, Daniels S, Imperatore G, SEARCH Study Group. Prevalence and correlates of elevated blood pressure in youth with diabetes mellitus: the Search for diabetes in youth study. J Pediatr. 2010;157:245–251 e1.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosner B, Cook NR, Daniels S, Falkner B. Childhood blood pressure trends and risk factors for high blood pressure: the NHANES experience 1988–2008. Hypertension. 2013;62:247–54.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schwab KO, Doerfer J, Hecker W, Grulich-Henn J, Wiemann D, Kordonouri O, Beyer P, Holl RW, DPV Initiative of the German Working Group for Pediatric Diabetology. Spectrum and prevalence of atherogenic risk factors in 27,358 children, adolescents, and young adults with type 1 diabetes: cross-sectional data from the German diabetes documentation and quality management system (DPV). Diabetes Care. 2006;29:218–25.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shah VN, Bailey R, Wu M, Foster NC, Pop-Busui R, Katz M, Crandall J, Bacha F, Nadeau K, Libman I, Hiers P, Mizokami-Stout K, Dimeglio LA, Sherr J, Pratley R, Agarwal S, Snell-Bergeon J, Cengiz E, Polsky S, Mehta SN. Risk factors for Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) in adults with type 1 Diabetes: findings from prospective real-life T1D Exchange Registry. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2020;105(5):e2032–e2038.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sorof JM. White coat hypertension in children. Blood Press Monit. 2000;5:197–202.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sorof JM, Portman RJ. White coat hypertension in children with elevated casual blood pressure. J Pediatr. 2000;137:493–7.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sorof JM, Poffenbarger T, Franco K, Portman R. Evaluation of white coat hypertension in children: importance of the definitions of normal ambulatory blood pressure and the severity of casual hypertension. Am J Hypertens. 2001;14:855–60.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stabouli S, Kotsis V, Toumanidis S, Papamichael C, Constantopoulos A, Zakopoulos N. White-coat and masked hypertension in children: association with target-organ damage. Pediatr Nephrol. 2005;20:1151–5.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stambolliu E, Kollias A, Bountzona I, Ntineri A, Servos G, Vazeou A, Stergiou GS. Nighttime home blood pressure in children: association with ambulatory blood pressure and preclinical organ damage. Hypertension. 2021;77:1877–85.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stamler J, Vaccaro O, Neaton JD, Wentworth D. Diabetes, other risk factors, and 12-yr cardiovascular mortality for men screened in the multiple risk factor intervention Trial. Diabetes Care. 1993;16:434–44.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stergiou GS, Baibas NM, Gantzarou AP, Skeva I, Kalkana CB, Roussias LG, Mountokalakis TD. Reproducibility of home, ambulatory, and clinic blood pressure: implications for the design of trials for the assessment of antihypertensive drug efficacy. Am J Hypertens. 2002;15:101–4.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stergiou GS, Yiannes NG, Rarra VC, Panagiotakos DB. Home blood pressure normalcy in children and adolescents: the Arsakeion School study. J Hypertens. 2007;25:1375–9.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stergiou GS, Nasothimiou E, Giovas P, Kapoyiannis A, Vazeou A. Diagnosis of hypertension in children and adolescents based on home versus ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. J Hypertens. 2008;26:1556–62.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stergiou GS, Alamara C, Drakatos A, Stefanidis CJ, Vazeou A. Prediction of albuminuria by different blood pressure measurement methods in type 1 diabetes: a pilot study. Hypertens Res. 2009;32:680–4.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stergiou GS, Vazeou A, Stefanidis CJ, Kapogiannis A, Georgakopoulos D, Stabouli S, Douma S, Doumas M, Zebekakis P, Makris T, Tsioufis CP, Manolis A. Practical recommendations for the diagnosis, investigation and management of hypertension in children and adolescents: hellenic society of hypertension consensus document. Hell J Cardiol. 2013;54:199–211.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stergiou GS, Boubouchairopoulou N, Kollias A. Accuracy of automated blood pressure measurement in children: evidence, issues, and perspectives. Hypertension. 2017a;69:1000–6.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stergiou GS, Kollias A, Boubouchairopoulou N, Ntineri A, O’brien, E. Evidence on the accuracy of automated blood pressure monitors in children: quantity versus quality. J Hypertens. 2017b;35:896–7.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stergiou GS, Dolan E, Kollias A, Poulter NR, Shennan A, Staessen JA, Zhang ZY, Weber MA. Blood pressure measurement in special populations and circumstances. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2018a;20:1122–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stergiou GS, Kyriakoulis KG, Kollias A. Office blood pressure measurement types: different methodology-different clinical conclusions. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2018b;20:1683–5.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stergiou GS, Ntineri A, Kollias A, Stambolliu E, Kapogiannis A, Vazeou A, Stefanidis CJ, Soldatou A. Home blood pressure monitoring in pediatric hypertension: the US perspective and a plan for action. Hypertens Res. 2018c;41:662–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stergiou GS, Palatini P, Asmar R, Bilo G, De La Sierra A, Head G, Kario K, Mihailidou A, Wang J, Mancia G, O’brien E, Parati G. Blood pressure monitoring: theory and practice. European Society of Hypertension Working Group on blood pressure Monitoring and cardiovascular variability teaching course proceedings. Blood Press Monit. 2018d;23:1–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stergiou G, Stambolliu E, Bountzona I, Ntineri A, Kollias A, Vazeou A, Soldatou A. Home blood pressure monitoring in children and adolescents: systematic review of evidence on clinical utility. Curr Hypertens Rep. 2019;21:64.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stergiou GS, O’brien E, Myers M, Palatini P, Parati G, STRIDE BP Scientific Advisory Board. STRIDE BP: an international initiative for accurate blood pressure measurement. J Hypertens. 2020a;38:395–9.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stergiou GS, Palatini P, Kollias A, Kyriakoulis KG, Myers M, O’brien E, Parati G, Modesti PA. Seasonal blood pressure variation: A neglected confounder in clinical hypertension research and practice. Am J Hypertens. 2020b;33:595–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stergiou GS, Bountzona I, Alamara C, Vazeou A, Kollias A, Ntineri A. Reproducibility of office and out-of-office blood pressure measurements in children: implications for clinical practice and research. Hypertension. 2021a;77:993–1000.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stergiou GS, Palatini P, Parati G, O’brien E, Januszewicz A, Lurbe E, Persu A, Mancia G, Kreutz R, European Society of Hypertension, C., The European Society of Hypertension Working Group on Blood Pressure, M. & Cardiovascular, V. 2021 European Society of Hypertension practice guidelines for office and out-of-office blood pressure measurement. J Hypertens. 2021b;39:1293–302.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sun SS, Grave GD, Siervogel RM, Pickoff AA, Arslanian SS, Daniels SR. Systolic blood pressure in childhood predicts hypertension and metabolic syndrome later in life. Pediatrics. 2007;119:237–46.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tang O, Juraschek SP, Appel LJ, Cooper LA, Charleston J, Boonyasai RT, Carson KA, Yeh HC, Miller ER 3rd. Comparison of automated clinical and research blood pressure measurements: implications for clinical practice and trial design. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2018;20:1676–82.

    Google Scholar 

  • Torrance B, McGuire KA, Lewanczuk R, Mcgavock J. Overweight, physical activity and high blood pressure in children: a review of the literature. Vasc Health Risk Manag. 2007;3:139–49.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tzotzas T, Krassas GE. Prevalence and trends of obesity in children and adults of South Europe. Pediatr Endocrinol Rev. 2004;1(Suppl 3):448–54.

    Google Scholar 

  • Urbina E, Alpert B, Flynn J, Hayman L, Harshfield GA, Jacobson M, Mahoney L, Mccrindle B, Mietus-Snyder M, Steinberger J, Daniels S, American Heart Association Atherosclerosis, Hypertension and Obesity in Youth Committee of the Council on Cardiovascular Disease in the Young. Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in children and adolescents: recommendations for standard assessment: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Atherosclerosis, Hypertension, and Obesity in Youth Committee of the council on cardiovascular disease in the young and the council for high blood pressure research. Hypertension. 2008;52:433–51.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vos LE, Oren A, Bots ML, Gorissen WH, Grobbee DE, Uiterwaal CS. Does a routinely measured blood pressure in young adolescence accurately predict hypertension and total cardiovascular risk in young adulthood? J Hypertens. 2003;21:2027–34.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Whelton PK, Carey RM, Aronow WS, Casey DE Jr, Collins KJ, Dennison Himmelfarb C, Depalma SM, Gidding S, Jamerson KA, Jones DW, Maclaughlin EJ, Muntner P, Ovbiagele B, Smith SC Jr, Spencer CC, Stafford RS, Taler SJ, Thomas RJ, Williams KA Sr, Williamson JD, Wright JT Jr. 2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA Guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Management of High Blood Pressure in Adults: A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Hypertension. 2018a;71:e13–e115.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Whelton PK, Carey RM, Aronow WS, Casey DE Jr, Collins KJ, Dennison Himmelfarb C, Depalma SM, Gidding S, Jamerson KA, Jones DW, Maclaughlin EJ, Muntner P, Ovbiagele B, Smith SC Jr, Spencer CC, Stafford RS, Taler SJ, Thomas RJ, Williams KA Sr, Williamson JD, Wright JT Jr. 2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA Guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Management of High Blood Pressure in Adults: executive summary: A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Hypertension. 2018b;71:1269–324.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Williams B, Mancia G, Spiering W, Agabiti Rosei E, Azizi M, Burnier M, Clement D, Coca A, De Simone G, Dominiczak A, Kahan T, Mahfoud F, Redon J, Ruilope L, Zanchetti A, Kerins M, Kjeldsen S, Kreutz R, Laurent S, Lip GYH, McManus R, Narkiewicz K, Ruschitzka F, Schmieder R, Shlyakhto E, Tsioufis K, Aboyans V, Desormais I, List of Authors/Task Force, M. 2018 practice guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension and the European Society of Cardiology: ESH/ESC Task Force for the Management of Arterial Hypertension. J Hypertens. 2018;36:2284–309.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Woroniecki RP, Flynn JT. How are hypertensive children evaluated and managed? A survey of North American pediatric nephrologists. Pediatr Nephrol. 2005;20:791–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wuhl E, Hadtstein C, Mehls O, Schaefer F, Escape Trial, Group. Home, clinic, and ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in children with chronic renal failure. Pediatr Res. 2004;55:492–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zeitler P, Arslanian S, Fu J, Pinhas-Hamiel O, Reinehr T, Tandon N, Urakami T, Wong J, Maahs DM. ISPAD clinical practice consensus guidelines 2018: type 2 diabetes mellitus in youth. Pediatr Diabetes. 2018;19(Suppl 27):28–46.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zeniodi ME, Ntineri A, Kollias A, Servos G, Moyssakis I, Destounis A, Harokopakis A, Vazeou A, Stergiou GS. Home and ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in children, adolescents and young adults: comparison, diagnostic agreement and association with preclinical organ damage. J Hypertens. 2020;38:1047–55.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Diabetes Centre, A’ Department of Pediatrics, P&A Kyriakou Children’s Hospital, Athens, Greece

    Andriani Vazeou

  2. Hypertension Center STRIDE-7, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, School of Medicine, Third Department of Medicine, Sotiria Hospital, Athens, Greece

    George S. Stergiou

Authors
  1. Andriani Vazeou
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. George S. Stergiou
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London, UK

    Vinood B. Patel

  2. Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Life Course and Population Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King’s College London, London, UK

    Victor R. Preedy

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this entry

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this entry

Vazeou, A., Stergiou, G.S. (2023). Methods for Measuring Blood Pressure and Applications to Diabetes. In: Patel, V.B., Preedy, V.R. (eds) Biomarkers in Diabetes. Biomarkers in Disease: Methods, Discoveries and Applications. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-08014-2_37

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation