Abstract
Obesity plays an essential role in develo** chronic conditions such as metabolic syndrome (MetS), nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and T2DM, due to an increase in free radicals, insulin resistance, and disruption in beta cells activity. The increase of triglyceride storage in adipose tissue due to obesity results in adipocyte hypertrophy, in which infiltrated macrophages, enhancing the pro-inflammatory state. Both hepatokines and adipokines are involved in central and peripheral energy metabolism, immune response, insulin sensitivity, and lipid metabolism. Moreover, vitamins and minerals exert cytokines modulation activities, thus may be included as biomarkers, diagnose test for insulin resistance, and therapeutic targets for improving MetS, T2DM, and NAFLD. This chapter provides information on the relationship between essential micronutrient activity in insulin synthesis and secretion and its effects on obesity-related chronic conditions progression.
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Abbreviations
- ANGPTL4:
-
Angiopoietin-like protein 4
- DPP4:
-
Dipeptidyl peptidase – 4
- Fetuin A/B:
-
α2-Heremans-Schmid glycoprotein
- FGF21:
-
Fibroblast growth factor-21
- GLP-1:
-
Glucagon-like peptide-1
- HMGB1:
-
High mobility group box 1
- PPAR-α/RXR:
-
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha/retinoic acid receptor
- RBP4:
-
Retinol-binding protein 4
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Bohórquez-Medina, A.L., Bohórquez-Medina, S.L., Benites-Zapata, V.A. (2023). Biological Markers of Insulin Sensitivity Links with Dietary Antioxidant. In: Patel, V.B., Preedy, V.R. (eds) Biomarkers in Diabetes. Biomarkers in Disease: Methods, Discoveries and Applications. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-08014-2_10
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