Abstract
This part of the book covers such issues as interrelationships between the human and physical environments and political systems, and the organization of political territories over time. Cultural development is reviewed from the historical and geographic perspectives. The social, ethnographic, and economic influences of the Great Silk Route are explained through the prism of accumulation of traditions associated with clothing, food, and celebrations from many nations.
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Notes
- 1.
The term “the Great Game” is used by historians to describe the nineteenth-century political and diplomatic competition between the British and Russian Empires for territory and influence in the states of Central Asia.
- 2.
Shari’a law, or Islamic law, is the religious law forming part of the Islamic tradition. It is derived from the religious precepts of Islam, particularly the Koran and the hadith. Islamic law refers to the idea of divine law as imagined by God (shari’a), to Islamic moral epistemology and jurisprudence (usul al-fiqh), to doctrines of positive law as formulated by Islamic legal schools (fiqh), and in general to the applied legal order of Muslim polities when it makes some claim to religious legitimacy (sulta, siyasa, qanun).
- 3.
In Islam, “hadith” refers to the record of the words, actions, and silent approval of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. The “great bulk” of the rules of shari’a (Islamic law) are derived from a hadith rather than from the Koran (see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadith#History).
- 4.
Sunni Islam is the largest denomination of Islam; Sunni Muslims constitute about 90% of the world’s Muslim population.
- 5.
A dervish is someone guiding a Sufi Muslim ascetic down a path (tariqah); dervishes are known for their extreme poverty and austerity.
- 6.
Sufi philosophy includes schools of thought unique to Sufism, a mystical branch within Islam, also known as Tasawwu or Faqr, according to its adherents. Sufism and its philosophical traditions may be associated with both Sunni Islam and Shia Islam.
- 7.
Information from the World Jewish Congress (http://www.worldjewishcongress.org/en/about/communities/UZ), which represents Jewish communities in 100 countries across six continents.
- 8.
Gender is a basic marker of social position, identity, and order in society (Northrop 2004).
- 9.
The gender development index is the ratio between the female and male human development indices (UNDP 2020).
- 10.
The gender inequality index is a composite measure reflecting inequality in achievement between women and men in three dimensions: reproductive health, empowerment, and the labor market (UNDP 2014).
- 11.
The kukeldash was an important court position in the time of Genghis Khan.
- 12.
A waqf is a charitable endowment under Islamic law.
- 13.
Jadids were reformers in the Russian Empire in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, who aimed to introduce a new kind of knowledge and modernist, European-modeled cultural reform.
- 14.
UNESCO describes the gross enrolment ratio as the total enrolment within a country “in a specific level of education, regardless of age, expressed as a percentage of the population in the official age group corresponding to this level of education” (see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_enrolment_ratio).
- 15.
- 16.
A beshik is a type of cradle made of juniper wood.
- 17.
In Persian, sallabandon means “to tie a turban.”
- 18.
Pomegranate arils (seeds) symbolize fertility, prosperity, and wealth.
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Gulyamova, L. (2022). Historical Geography. In: The Geography of Uzbekistan. World Regional Geography Book Series. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-07873-6_2
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