SpringerLink
Log in

Waste to Chemicals

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Handbook of Waste Biorefinery

  • 950 Accesses

Abstract

Waste is generated globally in various sectors like forest, food, agriculture, wastewater treatment plants, and industrial left out. Globally, various research groups have explored these wastes as a sustainable resource for the production of energy (biofuels), feed, chemicals, and value-added materials. These wastes are primarily biodegradable and underutilized. Reduce, recycle, and reuse are the common terms that come in waste management, in the current scenario, “recover and reutilize” has also been added to it since it is a valuable resource. Aim and need for sustainable production and latest technologies pave way for the usage of waste biomass for synthesis of valuable materials. Platform chemicals (lignin, biofuels, bioactive compounds, Nano cellulose, 5-Hydroxymethyfurfural (5-HMF), etc.) were produced via fermentation, depolymerization, hydrothermal liquefaction, etc. from waste biomass. Value-added products recovery primarily depends upon the biochemical composition of waste. Processing of renewable and abundantly available waste helps in reduction of production costs and environmental concerns. This book chapter provides the routes for sustainable production of platform chemicals from waste with simultaneous solution of effective waste management.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
EUR 32.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or Ebook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free ship** worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free ship** worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Abdel-Rahman MA, Tashiro Y, Sonomoto K (2011) Lactic acid production from lignocellulose-derived sugars using lactic acid bacteria: overview and limits. J Biotechnol 156:286–301

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Abdel-Rahman MA, Tashiro Y, Sonomoto K (2013) Recent advances in lactic acid production by microbial fermentation processes. Biotechnol Adv 31:877–902

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Abdel-Rahman MA, Hassan SE-D, Azab MS, Mahin A-A, Gaber MA (2019a) High improvement in lactic acid productivity by new alkaliphilic bacterium using repeated batch fermentation integrated with increased substrate concentration. Biomed Res Int 2019(6):1–13

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Abdel-Rahman MA, Hassan SE-D, Roushdy MM, Azab MS, Gaber MA (2019b) Free-nutrient supply and thermo-alkaline conditions for direct lactic acid production from mixed lignocellulosic and food waste materials. Bioresour Technol Reports 7:100256

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Abdel-Shafy HI, Mansour MSM (2018) Solid waste issue: Sources, composition, disposal, recycling, and valorization. Egypt J Pet 27:1275–1290

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Adhikari S, Nam H, Chakraborty JP (2018) Conversion of solid wastes to fuels and chemicals through pyrolysis. Waste Biorefinery 239–263

    Google Scholar 

  • Agarwal R, Chaudhary M, Singh J (2015) Waste management initiatives in India for human well being. Eur Sci J

    Google Scholar 

  • Ahsan A, Alamgir M, El-Sergany MM, Shams S, Rowshon MK, Daud NNN (2014) Assessment of municipal solid waste management system in a develo** country. Chinese J Eng 2014:1–11

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Akhtar J, Idris A (2017) Oil palm empty fruit bunches a promising substrate for succinic acid production via simultaneous saccharification and fermentation. Renew Energy 114:917–923. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2017.07.113

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Akhtar J, Idris A, Aziz RA (2014) Recent advances in production of succinic acid from lignocellulosic biomass. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 98:987–1000

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Akhtar J, Teo CL, Lai LW, Hassan N, Idris A, Aziz RA (2015) Factors affecting delignification of oil palm empty fruit bunch by microwave-assisted dilute acid/alkali pretreatment. Bioresources 10:588–596

    Google Scholar 

  • Aljammal N, Jabbour C, Thybaut JW, Demeestere K, Verpoort F, Heynderickx PM (2019) Metal-organic frameworks as catalysts for sugar conversion into platform chemicals: State-of-the-art and prospects. Coord Chem Rev 401:213064

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Amasuomo E, Baird J (2016) The concept of waste and waste Management. J Manag Sustain 6:88

    Google Scholar 

  • Ballinas-Casarrubias L, Camacho-Davila A, Gutierrez-Méndez N, Ramos-Sánchez VH, Chávez-Flores D, Manjarrez-Nevárez L, Zaragoza-Galán G, González-Sanchez G (2016) Biopolymers from waste biomass—extraction, modification and ulterior uses. Recent Adv Biopolym 3–15

    Google Scholar 

  • Banhazi TM, Lehr H, Black JL, Crabtree H, Schofield P, Tscharke M, Berckmans D (2012) Precision livestock farming: an international review of scientific and commercial aspects. Int J Agric Biol Eng 5:1–9

    Google Scholar 

  • Beauprez JJ, De Mey M, Soetaert WK (2010) Microbial succinic acid production: natural versus metabolic engineered producers. Process Biochem 45:1103–1114

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beims RF, Hu Y, Shui H, Xu CC (2020) Hydrothermal liquefaction of biomass to fuels and value-added chemicals: Products applications and challenges to develop large-scale operations. Biomass Bioenergy 135:105510

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bozell JJ, Petersen GR (2010) Technology development for the production of biobased products from biorefinery carbohydrates—the US Department of Energy’s “Top 10” revisited. Green Chem 12:539–554

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bożym M, Gendek A, Siemiątkowski G, Aniszewska M, Malaťák J (2021) Assessment of the composition of forest waste in terms of its further use. Materials (Basel). 14:973

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bridgwater AV (2012) Review of fast pyrolysis of biomass and product upgrading. Biomass Bioenergy 38:68–94

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chen T, Zhang S, Yuan Z (2020) Adoption of solid organic waste composting products: a critical review. J Clean Prod 272:122712

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cheng K, Wagner L, Moazzami AA, Gómez-Requeni P, Schiller Vestergren A, Brännäs E, Pickova J, Trattner S (2016) Decontaminated fishmeal and fish oil from the Baltic Sea are promising feed sources for Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus L.)—studies of flesh lipid quality and metabolic profile. Eur J Lipid Sci Technol 118:862–873

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Christy EJS, Suganya K, Kiruba JJG, Madhumitha SP, Suja SK, Kalaivani GJ (2014) Extraction of pectin from fruit wastes—an effective method of municipal solid waste management. Int J 2:936–944

    Google Scholar 

  • Cortright RD, Davda RR, Dumesic JA (2011) Hydrogen from catalytic reforming of biomass-derived hydrocarbons in liquid water. In: Materials for sustainable energy: a collection of peer-reviewed research and review articles from nature publishing group. World Scientific, pp 289–292

    Google Scholar 

  • Demirbas A (2011) Waste management, waste resource facilities and waste conversion processes. Energy Convers Manag 52:1280–1287

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Deng W, Zhang H, Xue L, Zhang Q, Wang Y (2015) Selective activation of the C–O bonds in lignocellulosic biomass for the efficient production of chemicals. Chinese J Catal 36:1440–1460

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dixon N, Jones DRV (2005) Engineering properties of municipal solid waste. Geotext Geomembr 23:205–233

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Feng Y, Li G, Li X, Zhu N, **ao B, Li J, Wang Y (2016) Enhancement of biomass conversion in catalytic fast pyrolysis by microwave-assisted formic acid pretreatment. Bioresour Technol 214:520–527

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ghose TK (1987) Measurement of cellulase activities. Pure Appl Chem 59:257–268

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gollakota ARK, Kishore N, Gu S (2018) A review on hydrothermal liquefaction of biomass. Renew Sust Energ Rev 81:1378–1392

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gould MC (2015) Bioenergy and anaerobic digestion. Bioenergy 297–317

    Google Scholar 

  • Han JW, Lee H (2012) Direct conversion of cellulose into sorbitol using dual-functionalized catalysts in neutral aqueous solution. Catal Commun 19:115–118

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Huber GW, Chheda JN, Barrett CJ, Dumesic JA (2005) Production of liquid alkanes by aqueous-phase processing of biomass-derived carbohydrates. Science 308:1446–1450

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Iñiguez-Covarrubias G, Lange SE, Rowell RM (2001) Utilization of byproducts from the tequila industry: part 1: agave bagasse as a raw material for animal feeding and fiberboard production. Bioresour Technol 77:25–32

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ito R, Miyafuji H, Miyazaki Y, Kawai T (2016) Production of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural from wood by ionic liquid treatment. J Wood Sci 62:349–355

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kiatkittipong W, Wongsuchoto P, Pavasant P (2009) Life cycle assessment of bagasse waste management options. Waste Manag 29:1628–1633

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kirk DM, Gould MC (2020) Bioenergy and anaerobic digestion. Bioenergy 335–360

    Google Scholar 

  • Li X, Xu R, Yang J, Nie S, Liu D, Liu Y, Si C (2019) Production of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural and levulinic acid from lignocellulosic biomass and catalytic upgradation. Ind Crop Prod 130:184–197

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lima S, Chadwick D, Hellgardt K (2017) Towards sustainable hydrogenation of 5-(hydroxymethyl) furfural: a two-stage continuous process in aqueous media over RANEY®catalysts. RSC Adv 7:31401–31407

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Longanesi L, Frascari D, Spagni C, DeWever H, Pinelli D (2018) Succinic acid production from cheese whey by biofilms of Actinobacillus succinogenes: packed bed bioreactor tests. J Chem Technol Biotechnol 93:246–256

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Matharu AS, de Melo EM, Houghton JA (2016) Opportunity for high value-added chemicals from food supply chain wastes. Bioresour Technol 215:123–130

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Menegazzo F, Ghedini E, Signoretto M (2018) 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) production from real biomasses. Molecules 23:2201

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mészáros E, Jakab E, Várhegyi G, Szepesváry P, Marosvölgyi B (2004) Comparative study of the thermal behavior of wood and bark of young shoots obtained from an energy plantation. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 72:317–328

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mo WY, Man YB, Wong MH (2018) Use of food waste, fish waste and food processing waste for China’s aquaculture industry: needs and challenge. Sci Total Environ 613:635–643

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mohan SV, Nikhil GN, Chiranjeevi P, Reddy CN, Rohit MV, Kumar AN, Sarkar O (2016) Waste biorefinery models towards sustainable circular bioeconomy: critical review and future perspectives. Bioresour Technol 215:2–12

    Google Scholar 

  • Mukherjee A, Dumont M-J, Raghavan V (2015) Sustainable production of hydroxymethylfurfural and levulinic acid: challenges and opportunities. Biomass Bioenergy 72:143–183

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nam H, Capareda SC, Ashwath N, Kongkasawan J (2015) Experimental investigation of pyrolysis of rice straw using bench-scale auger, batch and fluidized bed reactors. Energy 93:2384–2394

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nduko JM, Taguchi S (2021) Microbial production of biodegradable lactate-based polymers and oligomeric building blocks from renewable and waste resources. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 8:1548

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nghiem NP, Kleff S, Schwegmann S (2017) Succinic acid: technology development and commercialization. Fermentation 3:26

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Oozeerally R, Ramkhelawan SDK, Burnett DL, Tempelman CHL, Degirmenci V (2019) ZIF-8 metal organic framework for the conversion of glucose to fructose and 5-hydroxymethyl furfural. Catalysts 9:812

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Packiyadhas P, Shanmuganantham Selvanantham D (2020) Compositional and structural evaluation of Kappaphycus alvarezii rejects and solid food waste blends for bio ethanol production. Energy Sourc Part A Recover Util Environ Eff 1–17

    Google Scholar 

  • Pradhan PK, Mohanty CR, Swar AK, Mohapatra P (2012) Urban solid waste management of Guwahati city in north-east India. J Urban Environ Eng 6:67–73

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Quereshi S, Naiya TK, Mandal A, Dutta S (2020) Residual sugarcane bagasse conversion in India: current status, technologies, and policies. Biomass Convers Biorefinery 1–23

    Google Scholar 

  • Rajadurai M, Chawla S, Satheesh MA (2021) Economic impact and challenges in waste management. J Pharm Sci Res 13:179–187

    Google Scholar 

  • Rana S, Mishra P, Gupta R, ab bin Wahid Z, Singh L (2020) Circular economy: transforming solid-wastes to useful products. In: Current developments in biotechnology and bioengineering. Elsevier, pp 223–240

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Ranganathan S, Dutta S, Moses JA, Anandharamakrishnan C (2020) Utilization of food waste streams for the production of biopolymers. Heliyon https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04891

  • Ribeiro LS, Delgado JJ, de Melo Órfão JJ, Pereira MFR (2017) Direct conversion of cellulose to sorbitol over ruthenium catalysts: influence of the support. Catal Today 279:244–251

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rogalinski T, Liu K, Albrecht T, Brunner G (2008) Hydrolysis kinetics of biopolymers in subcritical water. J Supercrit Fluids 46:335–341

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Román-Leshkov Y, Barrett CJ, Liu ZY, Dumesic JA (2007) Production of dimethylfuran for liquid fuels from biomass-derived carbohydrates. Nature 447:982–985

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rosatella AA, Simeonov SP, Frade RFM, Afonso CAM (2011) 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) as a building block platform: biological properties, synthesis and synthetic applications. Green Chem 13:754–793

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sahu SN, Sahoo NK, Naik SN, Mahapatra DM (2020) Advancements in hydrothermal liquefaction reactors: overview and prospects. Bioreactors 195–213

    Google Scholar 

  • Saini P, Arora M, Kumar MNVR (2016) Poly (lactic acid) blends in biomedical applications. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 107:47–59

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Salemdeeb R, Zu Ermgassen EKHJ, Kim MH, Balmford A, Al-Tabbaa A (2017) Environmental and health impacts of using food waste as animal feed: a comparative analysis of food waste management options. J Clean Prod 140:871–880

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sanchez-Vazquez SA, Hailes HC, Evans JRG (2013) Hydrophobic polymers from food waste: resources and synthesis. Polym Rev 53:627–694

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sarkar O, Butti SK, Mohan SV (2018) Acidogenic biorefinery: food waste valorization to biogas and platform chemicals. Waste Biorefinery 203–218

    Google Scholar 

  • Sarwono A, Man Z, Idris A, Khan AS, Muhammad N, Wilfred CD (2019) Optimization of ionic liquid assisted sugar conversion and nanofiltration membrane separation for 5-hydroxymethylfurfural. J Ind Eng Chem 69:171–178

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sharmila VG, Kavitha S, Obulisamy PK, Banu JR (2020) Production of fine chemicals from food wastes. In: Food waste to valuable resources. Elsevier, pp 163–188

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Sindhu R, Binod P, Nair RB, Varjani S, Pandey A, Gnansounou E (2020) Waste to wealth: valorization of food waste for the production of fuels and chemicals. In: Current developments in biotechnology and bioengineering. Elsevier, pp 181–197

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Singh CK, Kumar A, Roy SS (2018) Quantitative analysis of the methane gas emissions from municipal solid waste in India. Sci Rep 8:1–8

    Google Scholar 

  • Stefanello C, Vieira SL, Xue P, Ajuwon KM, Adeola O (2016) Age-related energy values of bakery meal for broiler chickens determined using the regression method. Poult Sci 95:1582–1590

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Su Y, Brown HM, Huang X, Zhou X, Amonette JE, Zhang ZC (2009) Single-step conversion of cellulose to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), a versatile platform chemical. Appl Catal A Gen 361:117–122

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Subramanian MR, Talluri S, Christopher LP (2015) Production of lactic acid using a new homofermentative Enterococcus faecalis isolate. Microb Biotechnol 8:221–229

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Syed S (2006) Solid and liquid waste management. Emirates J Eng Res 11:19–36

    Google Scholar 

  • Tripathi N, Hills CD, Singh RS, Atkinson CJ (2019) Biomass waste utilisation in low-carbon products: harnessing a major potential resource. NPJ Clim Atmos Sci 2:1–10

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Trivedi J, Bhonsle AK, Atray N (2020) Processing food waste for the production of platform chemicals. In: Refining biomass residues for sustainable energy and bioproducts. Elsevier, pp 427–448

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Truong L, Morash D, Liu Y, King A (2019) Food waste in animal feed with a focus on use for broilers. Int J Recycl Org Waste Agric 8:417–429

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Uden PC (1993) Nomenclature and terminology for analytical pyrolysis (IUPAC Recommendations 1993). Pure Appl Chem 65:2405–2409

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Werpy T, Petersen G, Aden A, Bozell J, Holladay J, White J, Manheim A, Eliot D, Lasure L, Jones S, others (2004) Top value added chemicals from biomass results screen potential candidates from sugars synthesis gas 1, 26–28

    Google Scholar 

  • Wróblewska-Krepsztul J, Rydzkowski T, Michalska-Pożoga I, Thakur VK (2019) Biopolymers for biomedical and pharmaceutical applications: recent advances and overview of alginate electrospinning. Nano 9:404

    Google Scholar 

  • Wu LM, Zhou CH, Tong DS, Yu WH (2014) Catalytic thermochemical processes for biomass conversion to biofuels and chemicals. In: Bioenergy research: advances and applications. Elsevier, pp 243–254

    Google Scholar 

  • ** Y, Dai W, Xu R, Zhang J, Chen K, Jiang M, Wei P, Ouyang P (2013) Ultrasonic pretreatment and acid hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse for succinic acid production using Actinobacillus succinogenes. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 36:1779–1785

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Xu Q, Ji T, Gao S-J, Yang Z, Wu N (2019) Characteristics and applications of sugar cane bagasse ash waste in cementitious materials. Materials (Basel) 12:39

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yan Q, Zheng P, Dong J-J, Sun Z-H (2014) A fibrous bed bioreactor to improve the productivity of succinic acid by Actinobacillus succinogenes. J Chem Technol Biotechnol 89:1760–1766

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang J, Wang T, Tang X, Peng L, Wei J, Lin L (2018) Methods in the synthesis and conversion of 2,5-bis-(hydroxylmethyl) furan from bio-derived 5-hydroxymethylfurfural and its great potential in polymerization. Bioresources 13:7137–7154

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgement

Authors wish to acknowledge Sathyabama institute of science and technology for the support.

Conflict of Interest

None.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Centre for waste management-International Research Centre, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India

    P. Priyadharsini, S. A. Anitha, S. S. Dawn, N. Nirmala & J. Arun

  2. Department of Biotechnology, AarupadaiVeedu Institute of Technology, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India

    S. Sarojadevi

  3. Department of Biotechnology, Karpaga Vinayaga College of Engineering and Technology, Madurantakam, Tamil Nadu, India

    S. A. Anitha

Authors
  1. P. Priyadharsini
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. S. Sarojadevi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. S. A. Anitha
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. S. S. Dawn
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. N. Nirmala
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. J. Arun
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Food Science and Technology Department, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil

    Eduardo Jacob-Lopes

  2. Food Science and Technology Department, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil

    Leila Queiroz Zepka

  3. Food Science and Technology Department, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil

    Mariany Costa Deprá

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Priyadharsini, P., Sarojadevi, S., Anitha, S.A., Dawn, S.S., Nirmala, N., Arun, J. (2022). Waste to Chemicals. In: Jacob-Lopes, E., Queiroz Zepka, L., Costa Deprá, M. (eds) Handbook of Waste Biorefinery. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-06562-0_18

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation