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Management and Treatment of Livestock Wastes

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Waste Treatment in the Biotechnology, Agricultural and Food Industries

Part of the book series: Handbook of Environmental Engineering ((HEE,volume 26))

Abstract

Livestock waste management has recently become a topic of interest. Due to the increasing desire in transforming waste products into profit, it is necessary to have clear knowledge and understanding of how to handle livestock waste. This livestock waste management chapter provides insight on some treatment methods that have become popular within physical, chemical, and biological treatment methods and the design techniques to incorporate many of these methods. Finally, an introduction to some of the more modern techniques in harnessing energy from agriculture waste and its potential profits has been included. Having consulted technical papers from university extensions across such as the University of Missouri, Utah State University, and North Carolina State University and materials published by the US Department of Agriculture and the US Environmental Protection Agency, this particular resource produces sections that are valuable for both the novice and also experienced within agricultural engineering. In addition, recent advances in livestock waste treatment and management, such as the latest process technology development, market-driven strategies, and US policy changes, are reviewed and introduced. The authors also introduce a commercially available Livestock Water Recycling (LWR) system and a third-generation Bion livestock waste treatment technology in detail.

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Abbreviations

AU:

Number of 1000 lb animal units per animal type

BOD5:

Five-day biochemical oxygen demand

BUW:

Bedding unit weight, lb/ft3

Ca+2:

Calcium cation

C:

Targeted rate concentration

C*:

Background rate concentration

Co:

Initial concentration of conditions

COD:

Chemical oxygen demand

CH3COOH:

Acetic acid

CO:

Carbon monoxide

CO2:

Carbon dioxide

D:

Number of days in storage period

DS:

Dissolved solids

DVM:

Daily volume of manure production for animal type, ft3/AU/day

FR:

Volumetric void ratio

FS:

Fixed solids

H2:

Diatomic hydrogen

HLR:

Hydraulic loading rate

k:

First-order rate constant (cm/day)

Mg+2:

Magnesium cation

MMCTCO2e:

Million metric tons of CO2 equivalent

N2:

Diatomic nitrogen

NH3-N:

Ammonia-nitrogen

NH4-N:

Ammonium-nitrogen

NO:

Nitrous oxide

OLR:

Organic loading rate

PO4−3:

Phosphate ion

q:

Hydraulic loading rate (cm/day)

SS:

Suspended solids

TKN:

Total Kjeldahl nitrogen

TP:

Total phosphorus

TS:

Total solids

TBV:

Total bedding volume stored, ft3

TVM:

Total volume of stored manure, ft3

TWW:

Total wastewater stored, ft3

TVS:

Total volatile solids

VMD:

Volume of manure production for animal type for storage period, ft3

WB:

Weight of bedding used for animal type, lb/AU/day

WV:

Volume of waste stored, ft3

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Agricultural Research Division, Institute of Agricultural and Natural Resources, University of Nebraska, Castle Rock, CO, USA

    Dale H. Vanderholm

  2. Agricultural Engineering Department, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA

    Donald L. Day, Arthur J. Muehling & Lawrence K. Wang

  3. Lenox Institute of Water Technology, Latham, NY, USA

    Lawrence K. Wang & Mu-Hao Sung Wang

  4. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH, USA

    Yung-Tse Hung & Haneen Yehya

  5. School of Engineering and Computer Science, West Texas A & M University, Canyon, TX, USA

    Erick Butler

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    Lawrence K. Wang

  2. Lenox Institute of Water Technology, Latham, NY, USA

    Mu-Hao Sung Wang

  3. Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH, USA

    Yung-Tse Hung

Glossary of Livestock Waste Management

Anaerobic digestion

is the fermentation of organic waste by hydrolytic microorganisms into fatty acid chains, carbon dioxide (CO2), and hydrogen (H2). Short fatty acids are then converted into acetic acid (CH3COOH), H2, CO2, and microorganisms.

Biogas

is a product from anaerobic digestion containing gases such as methane (CH4), CO2, and trace elements. Biogas can be used as a source of energy.

Chemical oxygen demand (COD )

is a wastewater quality index that determines the amount of oxygen consumed by wastes.

Concentration animal feeding operations (CAFO )

raises livestock within a restricted space. It is also known as feedlot.

Constructed wetland

is a treatment method that uses plants (most commonly water hyacinth and duckweed) to degrade organic material.

Denitrification

converts nitrate into atmospheric nitrogen using microorganisms known as dentrifiers.

Eutrophication

is the condition of a water body (particularly a lake) where molecular oxygen levels have been depleted. Eutrophication most commonly occurs when nutrient levels are high within the water body, forming the presence of algal blooms. When eutrophication occurs, all organisms rely on molecular oxygen to survive.

Five-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5 )

is a wastewater quality index that determines the amount of oxygen required for microorganisms to degrade a given substance within a 5-day period.

Lagoon

is a basin that treats wastewater and stores waste. There are three major types of lagoons—anaerobic, aerobic, and facultative.

Liquid manure

contains dry matter less than 5%.

Mesophilic

is a state in an anaerobic digester or composting when the temperature remains between 35 and 40 °C.

National Pollution Discharge Elimination System (NDPES )

regulates the quantity of waste entering navigable waters and point sources. It was first introduced by the USEPA in the Clean Water Act of 1977. Livestock waste operations are required to have NPDES permits to discharge. State legislation defines the operations that require NPDES permit.

Nitrification

is the process of converting ammonium nitrogen (NH4+) into nitrate (NO32−) with an intermediate step of producing nitrite (NO2−). Nitrification is converted by nitrogen-fixing bacteria (nitrifiers).

Psychrophilic

is a state in an anaerobic digester or composting when the temperature remains below 20 °C.

Semisolid manure

contains 5–10% dry matter.

Solid manure

contains dry matter greater than 15%.

Thermophilic

is a state in an anaerobic digester or composting when the temperature remains between 51 and 57 °C.

Volatilization

is a phase change process that converts constituents into gaseous form. The most common volatilization experienced is ammonia volatilization or the conversion of ammonium-nitrogen to ammonia-nitrogen. This is problematic for livestock operations because plants’ nitrogen is lost for plant uptake.

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Vanderholm, D.H. et al. (2022). Management and Treatment of Livestock Wastes. In: Wang, L.K., Wang, MH.S., Hung, YT. (eds) Waste Treatment in the Biotechnology, Agricultural and Food Industries. Handbook of Environmental Engineering, vol 26. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-03591-3_1

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